Adrian Goldsworthy

And when, again, you can see a sign of it jumping on into the next century, but when Justinian does send the likes of Belisarius round to reconquer North Africa, Sicily, and Italy, he does it with very small numbers of soldiers because there aren't big armies there. That's never been the case.

And when, again, you can see a sign of it jumping on into the next century, but when Justinian does send the likes of Belisarius round to reconquer North Africa, Sicily, and Italy, he does it with very small numbers of soldiers because there aren't big armies there. That's never been the case.

And when, again, you can see a sign of it jumping on into the next century, but when Justinian does send the likes of Belisarius round to reconquer North Africa, Sicily, and Italy, he does it with very small numbers of soldiers because there aren't big armies there. That's never been the case.

It's just a reflection of, again, it's sort of foreshadowing the Middle Ages in terms of the scale of warfare, the scale of what was a big army, what you need to control, how power works. That transition has been occurring in the course from where we start 400-ish right the way through to the point where, again, to the people experiencing it, it may not be so obvious. A lot of this is natural.

It's just a reflection of, again, it's sort of foreshadowing the Middle Ages in terms of the scale of warfare, the scale of what was a big army, what you need to control, how power works. That transition has been occurring in the course from where we start 400-ish right the way through to the point where, again, to the people experiencing it, it may not be so obvious. A lot of this is natural.

It's just a reflection of, again, it's sort of foreshadowing the Middle Ages in terms of the scale of warfare, the scale of what was a big army, what you need to control, how power works. That transition has been occurring in the course from where we start 400-ish right the way through to the point where, again, to the people experiencing it, it may not be so obvious. A lot of this is natural.

It is gradual with these sudden steps down when something really bad happens, but it doesn't work anymore.

It is gradual with these sudden steps down when something really bad happens, but it doesn't work anymore.

It is gradual with these sudden steps down when something really bad happens, but it doesn't work anymore.

He is in many ways. So again, it's gradual. And to characterize them as barbarian, what does that really mean? in this period in that, yes, you have these men who set themselves up as kings and have already done so and are various types of Goths and the like.

He is in many ways. So again, it's gradual. And to characterize them as barbarian, what does that really mean? in this period in that, yes, you have these men who set themselves up as kings and have already done so and are various types of Goths and the like.

He is in many ways. So again, it's gradual. And to characterize them as barbarian, what does that really mean? in this period in that, yes, you have these men who set themselves up as kings and have already done so and are various types of Goths and the like.

But for such a long period, you have had senior leaders in the Roman army who are described as an Alan or a Frank or a Goth or whatever it might be. They don't seem to act any differently from anybody else who has a senior command role in the Roman army. And in many cases, it's a clumsy term, but they're Romanized. They're part of the system. They are not this very alien foreigner standing there.

But for such a long period, you have had senior leaders in the Roman army who are described as an Alan or a Frank or a Goth or whatever it might be. They don't seem to act any differently from anybody else who has a senior command role in the Roman army. And in many cases, it's a clumsy term, but they're Romanized. They're part of the system. They are not this very alien foreigner standing there.

But for such a long period, you have had senior leaders in the Roman army who are described as an Alan or a Frank or a Goth or whatever it might be. They don't seem to act any differently from anybody else who has a senior command role in the Roman army. And in many cases, it's a clumsy term, but they're Romanized. They're part of the system. They are not this very alien foreigner standing there.

They are part of it. They're part of how it works. I think the final decision is really what is the point of these puppets rather than They've been changed, particularly in that rapid period. We've talked about in this last phase where you get quick succession, lots of emperors, compared to earlier where they've lasted a long time and there's been that level of stability.

They are part of it. They're part of how it works. I think the final decision is really what is the point of these puppets rather than They've been changed, particularly in that rapid period. We've talked about in this last phase where you get quick succession, lots of emperors, compared to earlier where they've lasted a long time and there's been that level of stability.

They are part of it. They're part of how it works. I think the final decision is really what is the point of these puppets rather than They've been changed, particularly in that rapid period. We've talked about in this last phase where you get quick succession, lots of emperors, compared to earlier where they've lasted a long time and there's been that level of stability.

They've actually shown that they can be hard to control. And, you know, that's why you get, end up with the end with you're putting a nephew, a relative as emperor, because you think, well, okay, he's young. I can definitely control him.

They've actually shown that they can be hard to control. And, you know, that's why you get, end up with the end with you're putting a nephew, a relative as emperor, because you think, well, okay, he's young. I can definitely control him.