Dr. Moudhy Al-Rashid

And that is across a lot of different disciplines, but in particular medicine and astronomy in the very early period. So instead of just having a text that says, The moon's cycle is 28 days, and this is the layout of the land.

And that is across a lot of different disciplines, but in particular medicine and astronomy in the very early period. So instead of just having a text that says, The moon's cycle is 28 days, and this is the layout of the land.

They're phrased as observations about the moon, how visible it is, whether there's an eclipse, paired with a prediction of something to happen on Earth, and similar with medical symptoms as well, although those tend to be more related to the body.

They're phrased as observations about the moon, how visible it is, whether there's an eclipse, paired with a prediction of something to happen on Earth, and similar with medical symptoms as well, although those tend to be more related to the body.

They're phrased as observations about the moon, how visible it is, whether there's an eclipse, paired with a prediction of something to happen on Earth, and similar with medical symptoms as well, although those tend to be more related to the body.

Absolutely. There is a lot of change. And in particular, in the first millennium BCE, so from 900 BCE to about 100 CE, there's a lot of innovation that happens in how people approach the world and how they write about it as well.

Absolutely. There is a lot of change. And in particular, in the first millennium BCE, so from 900 BCE to about 100 CE, there's a lot of innovation that happens in how people approach the world and how they write about it as well.

Absolutely. There is a lot of change. And in particular, in the first millennium BCE, so from 900 BCE to about 100 CE, there's a lot of innovation that happens in how people approach the world and how they write about it as well.

Not trying to be as complete, for example, as they were in the previous millennium and trying to kind of use different ways of understanding the world to connect different elements of it. So it's really interesting innovation.

Not trying to be as complete, for example, as they were in the previous millennium and trying to kind of use different ways of understanding the world to connect different elements of it. So it's really interesting innovation.

Not trying to be as complete, for example, as they were in the previous millennium and trying to kind of use different ways of understanding the world to connect different elements of it. So it's really interesting innovation.

I would say written astronomy begins in ancient Mesopotamia. For all we know, people were doing really advanced mathematical astronomy before writing. But from what we know from the sources, I would say the earliest texts in astronomy come from ancient Mesopotamia. And some of the observations they make about the planets, the moon, lunar cycles, eclipse cycles, happen really, really early.

I would say written astronomy begins in ancient Mesopotamia. For all we know, people were doing really advanced mathematical astronomy before writing. But from what we know from the sources, I would say the earliest texts in astronomy come from ancient Mesopotamia. And some of the observations they make about the planets, the moon, lunar cycles, eclipse cycles, happen really, really early.

I would say written astronomy begins in ancient Mesopotamia. For all we know, people were doing really advanced mathematical astronomy before writing. But from what we know from the sources, I would say the earliest texts in astronomy come from ancient Mesopotamia. And some of the observations they make about the planets, the moon, lunar cycles, eclipse cycles, happen really, really early.

There's a text from the dawn of writing from around 3000 BCE in which someone is recording transactions related to a festival for the goddess Inanna. The goddess Inanna was the goddess of fertility and later Ishtar, fertility and war. And she's associated with the planet Venus. And so they refer to the planets often by the name of the deity that's associated with it.

There's a text from the dawn of writing from around 3000 BCE in which someone is recording transactions related to a festival for the goddess Inanna. The goddess Inanna was the goddess of fertility and later Ishtar, fertility and war. And she's associated with the planet Venus. And so they refer to the planets often by the name of the deity that's associated with it.

There's a text from the dawn of writing from around 3000 BCE in which someone is recording transactions related to a festival for the goddess Inanna. The goddess Inanna was the goddess of fertility and later Ishtar, fertility and war. And she's associated with the planet Venus. And so they refer to the planets often by the name of the deity that's associated with it.

And there's a reference in this text that to the morning and evening Inanna, and that's an indication that they were making so many observations of the planet Venus that they knew that when it was visible in the morning, it was Venus, and that when it was visible in the evening, it was also Venus, and that these weren't two different stars being observed.

And there's a reference in this text that to the morning and evening Inanna, and that's an indication that they were making so many observations of the planet Venus that they knew that when it was visible in the morning, it was Venus, and that when it was visible in the evening, it was also Venus, and that these weren't two different stars being observed.

And there's a reference in this text that to the morning and evening Inanna, and that's an indication that they were making so many observations of the planet Venus that they knew that when it was visible in the morning, it was Venus, and that when it was visible in the evening, it was also Venus, and that these weren't two different stars being observed.