Freiburg

Harvard's endowment is $53.2 billion. Huge. Assume they make 7% return. They're making $4 billion a year in income generated from those investments in that endowment. I think there's a couple of two really important questions. One is, should the role of the federal government be to give out money equally to institutions?

Harvard's endowment is $53.2 billion. Huge. Assume they make 7% return. They're making $4 billion a year in income generated from those investments in that endowment. I think there's a couple of two really important questions. One is, should the role of the federal government be to give out money equally to institutions?

Or should the role be to give money to the institutions that are going to provide the highest ROI for America? Or is the goal to redistribute wealth? And is that the point of federal spending and federal expenditures?

Or should the role be to give money to the institutions that are going to provide the highest ROI for America? Or is the goal to redistribute wealth? And is that the point of federal spending and federal expenditures?

So you could kind of think about Harvard, MIT, and a few other institutions that have truly great research institutions embedded within them as being the best ROI for America from a grant perspective when you're giving out research grants. That's the best place because just like any other great technology company, it accumulates capital because it accumulates talent. And that has a network effect.

So you could kind of think about Harvard, MIT, and a few other institutions that have truly great research institutions embedded within them as being the best ROI for America from a grant perspective when you're giving out research grants. That's the best place because just like any other great technology company, it accumulates capital because it accumulates talent. And that has a network effect.

And now you've got a few institutions that have a monopoly on high quality talent. And as a result, it's the best ROI for America. Is that what the federal government is investing in? Or should the federal government be trying to support universities all over the place that are more in need, particularly a university that has 53 billion of capital? Do they really need the federal funds?

And now you've got a few institutions that have a monopoly on high quality talent. And as a result, it's the best ROI for America. Is that what the federal government is investing in? Or should the federal government be trying to support universities all over the place that are more in need, particularly a university that has 53 billion of capital? Do they really need the federal funds?

So then the next question, I think, is like, what is the limit on the government's ability to influence whether or not an institution gets their capital? Is it statutory? Is it mandated by law? or does it become politically motivated, socially motivated, et cetera? Because in other parts of how we're seeing decisions being made, we're saying Chevron doctrine was thrown out.

So then the next question, I think, is like, what is the limit on the government's ability to influence whether or not an institution gets their capital? Is it statutory? Is it mandated by law? or does it become politically motivated, socially motivated, et cetera? Because in other parts of how we're seeing decisions being made, we're saying Chevron doctrine was thrown out.

And when Chevron doctrine gets thrown out, we can't rely on the regulatory scrutiny of the administrators of the Capitol. We have to rely on the law. And is there a law that they're relying on? And I think that's the key question is to have the administration

And when Chevron doctrine gets thrown out, we can't rely on the regulatory scrutiny of the administrators of the Capitol. We have to rely on the law. And is there a law that they're relying on? And I think that's the key question is to have the administration

point to the laws that they believe are being violated to kind of make, I would say, a strongly defensible argument about why they would withhold the capital to make sure that they're compliant with the law, and whatnot, and have it not be kind of, you know, just, we would prefer to see you do things differently, because we think it's socially better.

point to the laws that they believe are being violated to kind of make, I would say, a strongly defensible argument about why they would withhold the capital to make sure that they're compliant with the law, and whatnot, and have it not be kind of, you know, just, we would prefer to see you do things differently, because we think it's socially better.

So I think those are kind of the two key points, whether or not these institutions deserve nonprofit status. I don't know why an institution that has 53 billion of capital and is making probably four or 5 billion a year, shouldn't pay taxes on that income. that income is being used in a variety of ways to build nice buildings. And there's IP that's held by these institutions.

So I think those are kind of the two key points, whether or not these institutions deserve nonprofit status. I don't know why an institution that has 53 billion of capital and is making probably four or 5 billion a year, shouldn't pay taxes on that income. that income is being used in a variety of ways to build nice buildings. And there's IP that's held by these institutions.

That IP is used to start startups. They get equity in the startups. They have income streams on their IP. I mean, they really do operate like technology development centers. So, you know, what is the original kind of reason for saying that they should be tax exempt? The majority of the capital is not being used to educate students.

That IP is used to start startups. They get equity in the startups. They have income streams on their IP. I mean, they really do operate like technology development centers. So, you know, what is the original kind of reason for saying that they should be tax exempt? The majority of the capital is not being used to educate students.

The majority of the capital is being used to reinvest to make new capital.

The majority of the capital is being used to reinvest to make new capital.

Do you think that these universities or universities in general that receive federal funding have become more ideologically, call it liberal, I would call it a little bit more kind of socialist-oriented universities? because they're dependent on federal funding? Do you see what I'm saying? Like, is it the case that this ideology accrues over time when you are much more dependent on the government?

Do you think that these universities or universities in general that receive federal funding have become more ideologically, call it liberal, I would call it a little bit more kind of socialist-oriented universities? because they're dependent on federal funding? Do you see what I'm saying? Like, is it the case that this ideology accrues over time when you are much more dependent on the government?

There's no private market. There's nothing that ultimately translates into a system where you're necessarily needing to be competitive for capital, competitive for talent. The accumulation of federal dollars over time makes you say, I deserve federal dollars and the people that think that you deserve federal dollars- You're making a really good point and I think you could be right.

There's no private market. There's nothing that ultimately translates into a system where you're necessarily needing to be competitive for capital, competitive for talent. The accumulation of federal dollars over time makes you say, I deserve federal dollars and the people that think that you deserve federal dollars- You're making a really good point and I think you could be right.

So for NIH grants, this was published by the NIH, by the way, a few weeks ago on their Twitter account. So this is an image they put out.

So for NIH grants, this was published by the NIH, by the way, a few weeks ago on their Twitter account. So this is an image they put out.

And on Feb 15, or thereabouts, the NIH said any grants we give to universities now, so today, if you're a researcher, you're a scientist at a university like Harvard, I don't know if people realize this, the way you get funding for your lab, is you will apply for a grant, someone has to give you that capital to run your lab. And many grants come from the NIH.

And on Feb 15, or thereabouts, the NIH said any grants we give to universities now, so today, if you're a researcher, you're a scientist at a university like Harvard, I don't know if people realize this, the way you get funding for your lab, is you will apply for a grant, someone has to give you that capital to run your lab. And many grants come from the NIH.

Wait, no, wait a second.

Wait, no, wait a second.

Yeah, well, it's actually an incremental $69. So the way it works is that- Oh, 60 on top. The lab gets 100 and then Harvard bills the government $69. That's insane. That's insane. And this is true. And the average is around 30% today across universities and other institutions. So there's also this very fundamental question that's being asked in science right now.

Yeah, well, it's actually an incremental $69. So the way it works is that- Oh, 60 on top. The lab gets 100 and then Harvard bills the government $69. That's insane. That's insane. And this is true. And the average is around 30% today across universities and other institutions. So there's also this very fundamental question that's being asked in science right now.

which is, are universities even the right place to be doing fundamental scientific research? In the United States, there are different models. Most of our research is done either at a private company, which is a small amount of research. And remember, I've talked about this a lot.

which is, are universities even the right place to be doing fundamental scientific research? In the United States, there are different models. Most of our research is done either at a private company, which is a small amount of research. And remember, I've talked about this a lot.

The big companies that have a market that's telling them you have to have a positive return on invested capital, that have the scale to invest, have the most incredible returns for America, like Google, Apple,

The big companies that have a market that's telling them you have to have a positive return on invested capital, that have the scale to invest, have the most incredible returns for America, like Google, Apple,

that put out the transformer model that launched everything that we see today and invested in Waymo for many years and drove the self-driving car revolution and all the work that was going on at Bell Labs up until we said Bell Labs is a monopoly, we broke them apart and they got destroyed.

that put out the transformer model that launched everything that we see today and invested in Waymo for many years and drove the self-driving car revolution and all the work that was going on at Bell Labs up until we said Bell Labs is a monopoly, we broke them apart and they got destroyed.

And so we largely aim to destroy large private research institutions in this country because we claim that they're monopolistic because of the way they source capital, which is through activities in the marketplace.

And so we largely aim to destroy large private research institutions in this country because we claim that they're monopolistic because of the way they source capital, which is through activities in the marketplace.

So the question today that's being asked is, should we be doing fundamental scientific research at universities, given that over time, the administrative overhead has grown and they're basically creating administrative workloads and employing people without necessarily having a market incentive?

So the question today that's being asked is, should we be doing fundamental scientific research at universities, given that over time, the administrative overhead has grown and they're basically creating administrative workloads and employing people without necessarily having a market incentive?

Oh my God. I want to add, Jamal.

Oh my God. I want to add, Jamal.

I want to just address this because I think there's a moment here that I think will define a very different future for education, which is kind of a movement away from the current model of a school. AI is such a profound tool. The ability for AI to get to know your personality and just like teach my kids the way they want to be taught through conversation, through engagement, through dialogue,

I want to just address this because I think there's a moment here that I think will define a very different future for education, which is kind of a movement away from the current model of a school. AI is such a profound tool. The ability for AI to get to know your personality and just like teach my kids the way they want to be taught through conversation, through engagement, through dialogue,

knowing that some kids want to ask questions, and some kids want to just be told stuff. Some kids work at one pace, other kids work at another pace. And I know this idea of personalized education using computing has been around now for decades.

knowing that some kids want to ask questions, and some kids want to just be told stuff. Some kids work at one pace, other kids work at another pace. And I know this idea of personalized education using computing has been around now for decades.

But we really are in this moment, where the idea of spending, you know, your first 18 years of life in a classroom where you're being told stuff that is quote, the truth versus learning how to engage with the world, ask questions,

But we really are in this moment, where the idea of spending, you know, your first 18 years of life in a classroom where you're being told stuff that is quote, the truth versus learning how to engage with the world, ask questions,

explore your world, I find and identify things that are interesting to you, have it delivered to you in a very personalized, meaningful, rich way, that also makes you excited about certain things and helps usher you on to the next phase of your life of what do you want to do with this, and get kids out of this idea that you've got to go get the degree in order to get the job.

explore your world, I find and identify things that are interesting to you, have it delivered to you in a very personalized, meaningful, rich way, that also makes you excited about certain things and helps usher you on to the next phase of your life of what do you want to do with this, and get kids out of this idea that you've got to go get the degree in order to get the job.

And then I think that the workplace will adjust to that. I forgot who it is, whether it was Palantir or someone just started doing this, they just did a program where they're like, skip college, come and do your, basically your apprenticeship here.

And then I think that the workplace will adjust to that. I forgot who it is, whether it was Palantir or someone just started doing this, they just did a program where they're like, skip college, come and do your, basically your apprenticeship here.

So instead of going to college, you'll, it's paid, you'll continue your education here, you'll work on projects, you'll make money and you'll continue to have your development be done while you're learning a valuable skill. So I do think like as AI kind of takes over education,

So instead of going to college, you'll, it's paid, you'll continue your education here, you'll work on projects, you'll make money and you'll continue to have your development be done while you're learning a valuable skill. So I do think like as AI kind of takes over education,

I do expect that the workplace will change, Tim, and we will start to see more of this integration between education and workplace enabled by this AI-driven kind of development system, which is going to be radically different than what we have today.

I do expect that the workplace will change, Tim, and we will start to see more of this integration between education and workplace enabled by this AI-driven kind of development system, which is going to be radically different than what we have today.

Have you used it to learn, Tim? Have you used it? Have you ever done any of the chat apps where you can talk to it and like, hey, you want to learn or get smart on something or get caught up on something? You can literally just ask questions and have a conversation with it.

Have you used it to learn, Tim? Have you used it? Have you ever done any of the chat apps where you can talk to it and like, hey, you want to learn or get smart on something or get caught up on something? You can literally just ask questions and have a conversation with it.

Even if it's not great.

Even if it's not great.

80%.

80%.

It all goes to charity. Was it, Freeberg, was it hard? Yeah, well, I shot the quarterfinal and semifinal in the same afternoon. So I didn't have any... You go away for lunch and you come back for the semifinals. And I did not know how to use that buzzer. And everyone else, I think, had practiced or figured that stuff out. So it was pretty difficult. And then my brain was just like...

It all goes to charity. Was it, Freeberg, was it hard? Yeah, well, I shot the quarterfinal and semifinal in the same afternoon. So I didn't have any... You go away for lunch and you come back for the semifinals. And I did not know how to use that buzzer. And everyone else, I think, had practiced or figured that stuff out. So it was pretty difficult. And then my brain was just like...

blank on some of these moments. You're just up there. There's this intensity. You're in this game show. And it's like, I know the answer. Why is it not coming out of my mouth? Or why did I say that thing that I know is wrong that just came out of my mouth? It's a little bit kind of scary how much you play.

blank on some of these moments. You're just up there. There's this intensity. You're in this game show. And it's like, I know the answer. Why is it not coming out of my mouth? Or why did I say that thing that I know is wrong that just came out of my mouth? It's a little bit kind of scary how much you play.

I'm in last place. So I was behind the entire game. I was basically in last place the whole game. Playing catch up. Short stats. Here we go. I could not buzz in in time. Yeah.

I'm in last place. So I was behind the entire game. I was basically in last place the whole game. Playing catch up. Short stats. Here we go. I could not buzz in in time. Yeah.

I don't know. There were 27. I didn't know any of them. I felt in place. I felt like I belonged. I mean, I think the guy in the middle.

I don't know. There were 27. I didn't know any of them. I felt in place. I felt like I belonged. I mean, I think the guy in the middle.

I mean... She's on ESPN.

I mean... She's on ESPN.

I think she covers football on ESPN.

I think she covers football on ESPN.

But Tim's right.

But Tim's right.

Easy Jeopardy.

Easy Jeopardy.

Somebody can shoot this dog. There is a dollar number, J. Cal. There is a dollar number. Are people watching this?

Somebody can shoot this dog. There is a dollar number, J. Cal. There is a dollar number. Are people watching this?

down certainly down they used to be good so i think so i think regular well they do it at 9 p.m on wednesday nights okay so it's not even during it's not for a celebrity to go on this if a celebrity goes on this and they're known for being smart george clooney goes on right exactly i realize this when i got there i'm like wait a second there's no upside in me doing this i'm gonna look like an idiot and i answered all these stupid questions wrong and i look like a moron i'm like why did i do that that was no it's a it's a stupid show that should go away

down certainly down they used to be good so i think so i think regular well they do it at 9 p.m on wednesday nights okay so it's not even during it's not for a celebrity to go on this if a celebrity goes on this and they're known for being smart george clooney goes on right exactly i realize this when i got there i'm like wait a second there's no upside in me doing this i'm gonna look like an idiot and i answered all these stupid questions wrong and i look like a moron i'm like why did i do that that was no it's a it's a stupid show that should go away

Please, give us a science corner. I'll do a quick science corner.

Please, give us a science corner. I'll do a quick science corner.

Incredible.

Incredible.

Okay, let's do science corner.

Okay, let's do science corner.

Mitochondria or- Today is mitochondria therapy day. So every cell in our body has mitochondria. Tim, you know that, right? Yeah, it's the powerhouse of the cell. Powerhouse of the cell, exactly. And it's a little organelle.

Mitochondria or- Today is mitochondria therapy day. So every cell in our body has mitochondria. Tim, you know that, right? Yeah, it's the powerhouse of the cell. Powerhouse of the cell, exactly. And it's a little organelle.

Okay, Freeburg. And then there were three. You know what? Now I'm motivated to do Science Corner as a standalone show. And we're going to launch it in the next month.

Okay, Freeburg. And then there were three. You know what? Now I'm motivated to do Science Corner as a standalone show. And we're going to launch it in the next month.

We're doing Science Corner. Let's go.

We're doing Science Corner. Let's go.

Freeburg, it's me and you, buddy. Tell me about Science Corner. I'm interested. You're interested. We've got no listeners.

Freeburg, it's me and you, buddy. Tell me about Science Corner. I'm interested. You're interested. We've got no listeners.

We've got no audience at this point.

We've got no audience at this point.

So mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, as Tim just told us, educated us, right? So every cell has hundreds of mitochondria. Mitochondria are what are called organelles. They have their own DNA. In fact, evolutionarily, mitochondria were bacteria that basically ended up in the symbiotic relationship with what became our cells.

So mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, as Tim just told us, educated us, right? So every cell has hundreds of mitochondria. Mitochondria are what are called organelles. They have their own DNA. In fact, evolutionarily, mitochondria were bacteria that basically ended up in the symbiotic relationship with what became our cells.

So we each have mitochondria, hundreds of them in each one of our cells. Each mitochondria has its own nucleus and has its own DNA. And the mitochondria make the energy that the rest of the cell uses. That energy is called ATP. And it eats up glucose or it eats up ketones if you're in ketosis. And it uses that to make the ATP.

So we each have mitochondria, hundreds of them in each one of our cells. Each mitochondria has its own nucleus and has its own DNA. And the mitochondria make the energy that the rest of the cell uses. That energy is called ATP. And it eats up glucose or it eats up ketones if you're in ketosis. And it uses that to make the ATP.

So every cell in our body gets its energy, which is what it uses to function from the mitochondria.

So every cell in our body gets its energy, which is what it uses to function from the mitochondria.

And so there's been a lot of research into the relationship between mitochondria and aging and that dysfunctional mitochondria as they start to break down and stop working and have damage may actually be a key driver for many diseases that we experience as humans, including many cancers, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS, features of autism, muscle tissues being weak, et cetera.

And so there's been a lot of research into the relationship between mitochondria and aging and that dysfunctional mitochondria as they start to break down and stop working and have damage may actually be a key driver for many diseases that we experience as humans, including many cancers, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS, features of autism, muscle tissues being weak, et cetera.

So as the cells get older and the mitochondria stop working, we make new mitochondria. But over time, the DNA degrades and the mitochondria become less effective. And there are fewer functional mitochondria per cell. The cell stops working right. And eventually the organism stops working right.

So as the cells get older and the mitochondria stop working, we make new mitochondria. But over time, the DNA degrades and the mitochondria become less effective. And there are fewer functional mitochondria per cell. The cell stops working right. And eventually the organism stops working right.

It's part of some of the processes, but there's some separate research on this, but it's definitely worth spending time on.

It's part of some of the processes, but there's some separate research on this, but it's definitely worth spending time on.

There are questions on this, like, do you want to focus on things that are increasing biogenesis, which is creation of new mitochondria? Does that create a better benefit? On the creatine work, I've read some of these papers. I actually tried it for a while. I personally had a allergy to it, which is kind of rare, but happens. But anyway, we can talk about it further.

There are questions on this, like, do you want to focus on things that are increasing biogenesis, which is creation of new mitochondria? Does that create a better benefit? On the creatine work, I've read some of these papers. I actually tried it for a while. I personally had a allergy to it, which is kind of rare, but happens. But anyway, we can talk about it further.

So one of the key things was, there are three papers that I wanted to just highlight that kind of follow an interesting theme. The first one was from 2023 from Wash U in St. Louis. And this paper, Nick, if you could just pull up that image of mitochondria being transferred, these folks identified and demonstrated that mitochondria can actually transfer from one cell to another.

So one of the key things was, there are three papers that I wanted to just highlight that kind of follow an interesting theme. The first one was from 2023 from Wash U in St. Louis. And this paper, Nick, if you could just pull up that image of mitochondria being transferred, these folks identified and demonstrated that mitochondria can actually transfer from one cell to another.

So if you've got a cell that's got damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria, they've identified three mechanisms by which mitochondria can move into a cell that needs more mitochondria that are working. and are more functional. That's something that's been theorized for a long time, people have said, Oh, well, we think mitochondria transfer, but there wasn't really evidence of this.

So if you've got a cell that's got damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria, they've identified three mechanisms by which mitochondria can move into a cell that needs more mitochondria that are working. and are more functional. That's something that's been theorized for a long time, people have said, Oh, well, we think mitochondria transfer, but there wasn't really evidence of this.

So as of two years ago, these guys provided very good evidence of mitochondria, that we can now put into cells, if it's floating around, it can make its way into another cell. And as a result, it can rejuvenate or provide energy to a dysfunctional cell, which might improve dysfunctional tissue or improve disease. The second paper

So as of two years ago, these guys provided very good evidence of mitochondria, that we can now put into cells, if it's floating around, it can make its way into another cell. And as a result, it can rejuvenate or provide energy to a dysfunctional cell, which might improve dysfunctional tissue or improve disease. The second paper

was done last month out of Columbia University, and this was the first mapping of the mitochondria in the human brain. And so these folks created 703 tiny cubes of brain from a person that passed away, a 54-year-old donor, and then they analyzed the mitochondria in each of those cubes, and they used that to make a map of mitochondria in the brain.

was done last month out of Columbia University, and this was the first mapping of the mitochondria in the human brain. And so these folks created 703 tiny cubes of brain from a person that passed away, a 54-year-old donor, and then they analyzed the mitochondria in each of those cubes, and they used that to make a map of mitochondria in the brain.

And what it showed was that different parts of the brain

And what it showed was that different parts of the brain

different cells had different amounts of mitochondria and different mitochondrial function, which actually starts to highlight how that difference in energy production in different cells in different parts of the brain may actually cause some of the things like memory loss, or speech impairment, or as we age, the fact that we end up being, you know, kind of forgetful or start to lose some of our capacity, that the mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain might actually be the key driver of that aging symptomology.

different cells had different amounts of mitochondria and different mitochondrial function, which actually starts to highlight how that difference in energy production in different cells in different parts of the brain may actually cause some of the things like memory loss, or speech impairment, or as we age, the fact that we end up being, you know, kind of forgetful or start to lose some of our capacity, that the mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain might actually be the key driver of that aging symptomology.

The third paper, which just came out, came out of a team at Zhejiang University in China.

The third paper, which just came out, came out of a team at Zhejiang University in China.

So what these guys did, which was really incredible, is they took stem cells, so stem cells that they got out of human blood, and they took those stem cells and they figured out a way to treat the stem cells so that those stem cells would start to make an excess amount of mitochondria than they normally would make.

So what these guys did, which was really incredible, is they took stem cells, so stem cells that they got out of human blood, and they took those stem cells and they figured out a way to treat the stem cells so that those stem cells would start to make an excess amount of mitochondria than they normally would make.

In fact, they were able to get those stem cells to make 854 times the number of mitochondria that those cells would normally make. And those mitochondria were on average 5.7 times more efficient at making energy, ATP. So they created highly energetic mitochondria and they made a lot of them.

In fact, they were able to get those stem cells to make 854 times the number of mitochondria that those cells would normally make. And those mitochondria were on average 5.7 times more efficient at making energy, ATP. So they created highly energetic mitochondria and they made a lot of them.

And the idea that we can put mitochondria into our body or into tissue in our body to heal it or repair it has been something that folks have been trying to do research around for a long time. But the limiting factor is access to enough mitochondria.

And the idea that we can put mitochondria into our body or into tissue in our body to heal it or repair it has been something that folks have been trying to do research around for a long time. But the limiting factor is access to enough mitochondria.

So this mechanism that they developed where they could take stem cells, make copies of the stem cells, make lots of mitochondria, and then they isolate that mitochondria and use it as a therapeutic tool. And they did it in cartilage that was damaged and they were able to heal that cartilage.

So this mechanism that they developed where they could take stem cells, make copies of the stem cells, make lots of mitochondria, and then they isolate that mitochondria and use it as a therapeutic tool. And they did it in cartilage that was damaged and they were able to heal that cartilage.

So this is a group that does bone and tissue repair studies, but they applied the mitochondria directly into the area where there was damage to the bone and the bone grew back and it actually improved the healing in an incredible way.

So this is a group that does bone and tissue repair studies, but they applied the mitochondria directly into the area where there was damage to the bone and the bone grew back and it actually improved the healing in an incredible way.

So this opens up the door to this whole new therapeutic modality, a new type of therapy called mitotherapy or mitochondrial therapy that based on the series of papers that we're seeing coming out recently, I believe could end up becoming a really incredible therapy new therapy that may ultimately lead to the treatment for many diseases that we're kind of dealing with right now.

So this opens up the door to this whole new therapeutic modality, a new type of therapy called mitotherapy or mitochondrial therapy that based on the series of papers that we're seeing coming out recently, I believe could end up becoming a really incredible therapy new therapy that may ultimately lead to the treatment for many diseases that we're kind of dealing with right now.

So I just wanted to kind of link those out.

So I just wanted to kind of link those out.

Yeah, I mean, what they did this in, and I think this was published in a research magazine called Bone or something, Bone and Tissue or something.

Yeah, I mean, what they did this in, and I think this was published in a research magazine called Bone or something, Bone and Tissue or something.

They did it in a model, a mouse model of osteoarthritis, and it repaired this osteoarthritis, but that's exactly right. And so that's tissue where you can, using a microscope, you can actually see the healing happening.

They did it in a model, a mouse model of osteoarthritis, and it repaired this osteoarthritis, but that's exactly right. And so that's tissue where you can, using a microscope, you can actually see the healing happening.

But you can see this being applied, for example, to cerebrospinal fluid, where you can basically increase the mitochondrial, the energetic mitochondrial production that finds its way into maybe neuronal cells, into neurons in your brain, and improves your brain function. Or you could put it into damaged hearts after heart attacks and improve heart function.

But you can see this being applied, for example, to cerebrospinal fluid, where you can basically increase the mitochondrial, the energetic mitochondrial production that finds its way into maybe neuronal cells, into neurons in your brain, and improves your brain function. Or you could put it into damaged hearts after heart attacks and improve heart function.

So there's all these theories about how you could use mitotherapy as this becomes possible to now produce lots of mitochondria and use it as a therapy that can then be applied to lots of disease. I think there's going to be a bit of a blossoming of research in this area.

So there's all these theories about how you could use mitotherapy as this becomes possible to now produce lots of mitochondria and use it as a therapy that can then be applied to lots of disease. I think there's going to be a bit of a blossoming of research in this area.

You could be on Celebrity Jeopardy, Jacob.

You could be on Celebrity Jeopardy, Jacob.

That's a good idea. In fact, we should do it with Schultz and his crew, the four of them and the four of us.

That's a good idea. In fact, we should do it with Schultz and his crew, the four of them and the four of us.

It's an important question. Last year, China announced and began a $37 billion investment in developing their own three nanometer chip technology. So the EUV lithography systems that Sachs is referencing require these wavelengths of light at about 13 and a half nanometer, which is, you know, the previous technology was like 200 plus nanometer.

It's an important question. Last year, China announced and began a $37 billion investment in developing their own three nanometer chip technology. So the EUV lithography systems that Sachs is referencing require these wavelengths of light at about 13 and a half nanometer, which is, you know, the previous technology was like 200 plus nanometer.

So it's very, very small wavelengths of light that you have to be able to manipulate in a very kind of discrete way to print circuits that are just three nanometer wide. scale. And so it turns out that last year, China made a claim that this investment they had made was starting to pay off and they had developed their own EUV system.

So it's very, very small wavelengths of light that you have to be able to manipulate in a very kind of discrete way to print circuits that are just three nanometer wide. scale. And so it turns out that last year, China made a claim that this investment they had made was starting to pay off and they had developed their own EUV system.

Okay.

Okay.

And their big semiconductor companies called the Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation or SMIC in China, They launched a chip, a seven nanometer chip with Huawei in their Mate 60 Pro, which is sort of like their iPhone competitor in China.

And their big semiconductor companies called the Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation or SMIC in China, They launched a chip, a seven nanometer chip with Huawei in their Mate 60 Pro, which is sort of like their iPhone competitor in China.

And so they're proclaiming that they've already got this EUV technology from what I understand, and Saks would know better than I, it sounds like there was a lot of reverse engineering and workaround of existing technology in order to deliver that system.

And so they're proclaiming that they've already got this EUV technology from what I understand, and Saks would know better than I, it sounds like there was a lot of reverse engineering and workaround of existing technology in order to deliver that system.

but they may now already be investing in and developing their own system. So JCal, I think they're doing it either way. I think that they're going to invest and build their own EUV and chip manufacturing capacity either way. And the question is, does this slow them down or limit their ability on the application or the AI layer? to kind of be held back for some period of time.

but they may now already be investing in and developing their own system. So JCal, I think they're doing it either way. I think that they're going to invest and build their own EUV and chip manufacturing capacity either way. And the question is, does this slow them down or limit their ability on the application or the AI layer? to kind of be held back for some period of time.