James P. Allison

it's not that you could get the T cells to do any better, but you could come up with ways of making them work at a distance. It's kind of hard to explain, but a different type of T cell, like more soluble factors, maybe see the antigen on a myeloid cell, even though the tumors can't present it.

it's not that you could get the T cells to do any better, but you could come up with ways of making them work at a distance. It's kind of hard to explain, but a different type of T cell, like more soluble factors, maybe see the antigen on a myeloid cell, even though the tumors can't present it.

If these myeloid cells, which will be gobbling up or tumor cell dies, they'll pick up pieces of it, put it on their surface. If they have the antigen and a T cell sees it there and they can make enough of these gamma interferons or other things, then they can kill the tumor cells at a distance, even though they don't interact physically directly with the tumor cell anymore.

If these myeloid cells, which will be gobbling up or tumor cell dies, they'll pick up pieces of it, put it on their surface. If they have the antigen and a T cell sees it there and they can make enough of these gamma interferons or other things, then they can kill the tumor cells at a distance, even though they don't interact physically directly with the tumor cell anymore.

I mean, we can show that happens in animal models, at least. I'm pretty sure it happens in people as well, but.

I mean, we can show that happens in animal models, at least. I'm pretty sure it happens in people as well, but.

Yeah, that's the reason. I mean, I used to avoid the things like a plague because they're so complicated. There's so many different types. But what we found started, I mean, we, I'm speaking there not as... just me, but the field began to realize is the tumors which don't respond well to T-cell-based therapies usually have really large populations of myeloid cells in them.

Yeah, that's the reason. I mean, I used to avoid the things like a plague because they're so complicated. There's so many different types. But what we found started, I mean, we, I'm speaking there not as... just me, but the field began to realize is the tumors which don't respond well to T-cell-based therapies usually have really large populations of myeloid cells in them.

So that raised the interest. And sure enough, you can show that the myeloid cells can inhibit T-cells. And we've found two molecules on myeloid cells that do that. And we've shown if you take them away, then we can make the T cells more effective. So that leads us to some more strategies where you target the myeloid cells.

So that raised the interest. And sure enough, you can show that the myeloid cells can inhibit T-cells. And we've found two molecules on myeloid cells that do that. And we've shown if you take them away, then we can make the T cells more effective. So that leads us to some more strategies where you target the myeloid cells.

But you're going to have to do both, particularly in things like pancreatic and glioblastoma.

But you're going to have to do both, particularly in things like pancreatic and glioblastoma.

Gobble up bacteria that come in. deal with if antibodies have, if you've made antibodies and they're binding to viruses or bacteria and clumping them up to gobble up and get rid of the bugs that way. As I said, to wound heal, to help wounds heal, to make growth factors and stuff, you know, just sort of general handymen. They're just sort of general handymen that do.

Gobble up bacteria that come in. deal with if antibodies have, if you've made antibodies and they're binding to viruses or bacteria and clumping them up to gobble up and get rid of the bugs that way. As I said, to wound heal, to help wounds heal, to make growth factors and stuff, you know, just sort of general handymen. They're just sort of general handymen that do.

whatever fixer-uppers you need that they can get in the way.

whatever fixer-uppers you need that they can get in the way.

If you treat them right, yeah. Or they can hide the tumor cell from the T-cells too.

If you treat them right, yeah. Or they can hide the tumor cell from the T-cells too.

Yeah, if you make too many T cells, you can definitely get sick. And especially if they react with normal cells or with something that makes big soluble factors that affect. And that, unfortunately, is one of the main side effects of the therapies is... cause reactivity with normal tissues and things. I mean, there's no free lunch. You start messing with those things.

Yeah, if you make too many T cells, you can definitely get sick. And especially if they react with normal cells or with something that makes big soluble factors that affect. And that, unfortunately, is one of the main side effects of the therapies is... cause reactivity with normal tissues and things. I mean, there's no free lunch. You start messing with those things.