James P. Allison

you know, down the road, but, but anyway, basically they're pretty damn good though. Yeah.

you know, down the road, but, but anyway, basically they're pretty damn good though. Yeah.

Yeah. How many stars are there?

Yeah. How many stars are there?

Yeah, in a way, except that there, what you have is one kind of receptor for each kind of bit of a smell. And it's the sum of all those that tells you what the overall smell is. But each one only detects one thing and the brain integrates it all. Because here you've got all these different ones that are flowing all around. All you need to do is trigger one.

Yeah, in a way, except that there, what you have is one kind of receptor for each kind of bit of a smell. And it's the sum of all those that tells you what the overall smell is. But each one only detects one thing and the brain integrates it all. Because here you've got all these different ones that are flowing all around. All you need to do is trigger one.

Exactly. Not self-recognition, that's what it's called. Very philosophically, a very, how do you recognize not self?

Exactly. Not self-recognition, that's what it's called. Very philosophically, a very, how do you recognize not self?

You know, that's first of all, because the cancer cells are not necessarily all that different early on, especially, although they get weirder and weirder with time and often with a lot more mutations. But they also have ways of protecting themselves because cells don't like to be killed either. For example, in tumor cells, there's a process called apoptosis, and there are mechanisms that guard.

You know, that's first of all, because the cancer cells are not necessarily all that different early on, especially, although they get weirder and weirder with time and often with a lot more mutations. But they also have ways of protecting themselves because cells don't like to be killed either. For example, in tumor cells, there's a process called apoptosis, and there are mechanisms that guard.

Cells built into the cell are mechanisms for detecting mutations. If there's too many, the cell tries to commit suicide. It's told to kill yourself because you're going to cause cancer. At least that's the thought. But there are these suppressor genes which do that.

Cells built into the cell are mechanisms for detecting mutations. If there's too many, the cell tries to commit suicide. It's told to kill yourself because you're going to cause cancer. At least that's the thought. But there are these suppressor genes which do that.

really in order to get cancer you've got to not only get an activating gene which will tell the cell it ought to be a cancer but you got to get rid of those suppressor genes which would shut that down so it's genetically it's complicated too because you really have to have both um in order to get it that's right some people with retinoblastoma gene for example

really in order to get cancer you've got to not only get an activating gene which will tell the cell it ought to be a cancer but you got to get rid of those suppressor genes which would shut that down so it's genetically it's complicated too because you really have to have both um in order to get it that's right some people with retinoblastoma gene for example

If you have two copies of that, kids get tumors of the eyes when they're about two years old. It's a devastating disease. But in other kinds of cancer, you don't get them in your germline, but you can get them in your somatic cells. And if you lose the RB genes, that makes you a lot, in a cell, that makes that cell a lot more likely to get cancer.

If you have two copies of that, kids get tumors of the eyes when they're about two years old. It's a devastating disease. But in other kinds of cancer, you don't get them in your germline, but you can get them in your somatic cells. And if you lose the RB genes, that makes you a lot, in a cell, that makes that cell a lot more likely to get cancer.

Yeah, yeah. And they also, one of the things that we found recently that's even more interesting to me is that the immune system every now and then, you know, these macrophages who play a role in cleaning up after wounds and wound healing and replacement, they'll protect the tumor too. They think the tumor is a wound. And so your own immune system can turn around.

Yeah, yeah. And they also, one of the things that we found recently that's even more interesting to me is that the immune system every now and then, you know, these macrophages who play a role in cleaning up after wounds and wound healing and replacement, they'll protect the tumor too. They think the tumor is a wound. And so your own immune system can turn around.

And we're finding that that's a re one of the reasons that happens big time in, in pancreatic cancer and, and, um, um, glioblastoma, you know, which are tumors that are very lethal. And we're still, we got the, it's not that we got the T-cell issues solved with those, but what we know is there are myeloid cells there that are trying to stop the T-cells from killing them.

And we're finding that that's a re one of the reasons that happens big time in, in pancreatic cancer and, and, um, um, glioblastoma, you know, which are tumors that are very lethal. And we're still, we got the, it's not that we got the T-cell issues solved with those, but what we know is there are myeloid cells there that are trying to stop the T-cells from killing them.