Lindsay Powell

Just to explain as a footnote that Augustus, he's not Augustus yet, he's Octavian at this point, runs very much a deficit campaign. He promises people he'll pay them back. When he's won and he uses his sort of influence and the name of Julius Caesar, which of course is inherited as the guarantee of that.

Just to explain as a footnote that Augustus, he's not Augustus yet, he's Octavian at this point, runs very much a deficit campaign. He promises people he'll pay them back. When he's won and he uses his sort of influence and the name of Julius Caesar, which of course is inherited as the guarantee of that.

Just to explain as a footnote that Augustus, he's not Augustus yet, he's Octavian at this point, runs very much a deficit campaign. He promises people he'll pay them back. When he's won and he uses his sort of influence and the name of Julius Caesar, which of course is inherited as the guarantee of that.

In the meantime, they've been doing these prescriptions where they've actually bumping off their enemies and taking their houses and their wealth. So they've been paying some of the money back. In contrast to Marcus Antonius, who one is shacked up with Cleopatra, from whom he gets a lot of cash to finance his campaigns.

In the meantime, they've been doing these prescriptions where they've actually bumping off their enemies and taking their houses and their wealth. So they've been paying some of the money back. In contrast to Marcus Antonius, who one is shacked up with Cleopatra, from whom he gets a lot of cash to finance his campaigns.

In the meantime, they've been doing these prescriptions where they've actually bumping off their enemies and taking their houses and their wealth. So they've been paying some of the money back. In contrast to Marcus Antonius, who one is shacked up with Cleopatra, from whom he gets a lot of cash to finance his campaigns.

But in Greece, and Actium is in Greece, off the coast of Epirus, he's actually raiding the Greek cities and stealing the money to pay for his campaign. So you've got two different ways of funding wars. And the big challenge is I've got 500,000 troops and they're not all mine. Some of these are people that I've taken from the other side.

But in Greece, and Actium is in Greece, off the coast of Epirus, he's actually raiding the Greek cities and stealing the money to pay for his campaign. So you've got two different ways of funding wars. And the big challenge is I've got 500,000 troops and they're not all mine. Some of these are people that I've taken from the other side.

But in Greece, and Actium is in Greece, off the coast of Epirus, he's actually raiding the Greek cities and stealing the money to pay for his campaign. So you've got two different ways of funding wars. And the big challenge is I've got 500,000 troops and they're not all mine. Some of these are people that I've taken from the other side.

And I think at one point he gets like 19 legions from Marcus Antonius just at Actium who were not engaged in much of the fighting. It was essentially a naval battle. And there had been like a six-month run-up. There was an Actaeon campaign where Marcus Agrippa was just sailing up and down the coast, picking off things, choking off supply lines.

And I think at one point he gets like 19 legions from Marcus Antonius just at Actium who were not engaged in much of the fighting. It was essentially a naval battle. And there had been like a six-month run-up. There was an Actaeon campaign where Marcus Agrippa was just sailing up and down the coast, picking off things, choking off supply lines.

And I think at one point he gets like 19 legions from Marcus Antonius just at Actium who were not engaged in much of the fighting. It was essentially a naval battle. And there had been like a six-month run-up. There was an Actaeon campaign where Marcus Agrippa was just sailing up and down the coast, picking off things, choking off supply lines.

So when these people finally surrender, the first mission that he gives to his right-hand man, Marcus Agrippa, is take these people, demob them, sort out the problem. So then he's able to reduce 60 legions nominally on paper down to some number like 30, which is kind of roughly where it stays. And what you then have is a situation that... fast forwarding into 30, that Octavian captures Egypt.

So when these people finally surrender, the first mission that he gives to his right-hand man, Marcus Agrippa, is take these people, demob them, sort out the problem. So then he's able to reduce 60 legions nominally on paper down to some number like 30, which is kind of roughly where it stays. And what you then have is a situation that... fast forwarding into 30, that Octavian captures Egypt.

So when these people finally surrender, the first mission that he gives to his right-hand man, Marcus Agrippa, is take these people, demob them, sort out the problem. So then he's able to reduce 60 legions nominally on paper down to some number like 30, which is kind of roughly where it stays. And what you then have is a situation that... fast forwarding into 30, that Octavian captures Egypt.

Now he has money to actually pay off his debts. And by the time you get to 27, he then does this deal with the Senate where he's able to strike an interesting balance. So up to that point, there's effectively one autocrat. whose mission stated under the Triumvirate was to restore the Republic. So effectively, he has done that.

Now he has money to actually pay off his debts. And by the time you get to 27, he then does this deal with the Senate where he's able to strike an interesting balance. So up to that point, there's effectively one autocrat. whose mission stated under the Triumvirate was to restore the Republic. So effectively, he has done that.

Now he has money to actually pay off his debts. And by the time you get to 27, he then does this deal with the Senate where he's able to strike an interesting balance. So up to that point, there's effectively one autocrat. whose mission stated under the Triumvirate was to restore the Republic. So effectively, he has done that.

But what he cuts is a deal which effectively gives him control of the provinces on the outer edges of the empire, ones which, I think in Cassius Dio's words, are not pacified but need to be. And then the Senate has its traditional provinces in the center. But cunningly, in the interim, there's a passage, I think, in Cassius Dio where before he sets off from Italy to go to Actium,

But what he cuts is a deal which effectively gives him control of the provinces on the outer edges of the empire, ones which, I think in Cassius Dio's words, are not pacified but need to be. And then the Senate has its traditional provinces in the center. But cunningly, in the interim, there's a passage, I think, in Cassius Dio where before he sets off from Italy to go to Actium,