Professor Chris Stringer

treat these with heat to make them into a kind of glue which enables you to fix the head on to the shaft so they were capable of that they certainly in many situations were capable of making fire it seems it will and that would have been very important for their survival And even art, there's evidence now that Neanderthals were marking cave walls.

treat these with heat to make them into a kind of glue which enables you to fix the head on to the shaft so they were capable of that they certainly in many situations were capable of making fire it seems it will and that would have been very important for their survival And even art, there's evidence now that Neanderthals were marking cave walls.

They certainly were making marks on bones and things. And there's quite a debate about, you know, how much artistic expression the Neanderthals had. In my view, we haven't yet got a representation by a Neanderthal of a person or an animal. That still seems to be unique to Homo sapiens.

They certainly were making marks on bones and things. And there's quite a debate about, you know, how much artistic expression the Neanderthals had. In my view, we haven't yet got a representation by a Neanderthal of a person or an animal. That still seems to be unique to Homo sapiens.

They certainly were making marks on bones and things. And there's quite a debate about, you know, how much artistic expression the Neanderthals had. In my view, we haven't yet got a representation by a Neanderthal of a person or an animal. That still seems to be unique to Homo sapiens.

But in terms of their adaptations to different situations, we know now that they were in some cases adapted to living by the coast. So from our excavations in Gibraltar 20 years ago or more, we were able to show that there they were adapting to coastal living. They were collecting and eating mollusks from the sea. They were even butchering at times dolphin and seal.

But in terms of their adaptations to different situations, we know now that they were in some cases adapted to living by the coast. So from our excavations in Gibraltar 20 years ago or more, we were able to show that there they were adapting to coastal living. They were collecting and eating mollusks from the sea. They were even butchering at times dolphin and seal.

But in terms of their adaptations to different situations, we know now that they were in some cases adapted to living by the coast. So from our excavations in Gibraltar 20 years ago or more, we were able to show that there they were adapting to coastal living. They were collecting and eating mollusks from the sea. They were even butchering at times dolphin and seal.

Now the seals, they might well have been out and clubbed baby seals, but it's possible the dolphin was a stranding. But they certainly were very used to those coastal environments and they were exploiting them for food. And again, that's something that 20 or 30 years ago would have been much more debatable.

Now the seals, they might well have been out and clubbed baby seals, but it's possible the dolphin was a stranding. But they certainly were very used to those coastal environments and they were exploiting them for food. And again, that's something that 20 or 30 years ago would have been much more debatable.

Now the seals, they might well have been out and clubbed baby seals, but it's possible the dolphin was a stranding. But they certainly were very used to those coastal environments and they were exploiting them for food. And again, that's something that 20 or 30 years ago would have been much more debatable.

Yes. I mean, it's difficult to really map how much these Neontal groups were connecting with each other. So there are different views on this. Some people think that they did have quite wide communication networks. We can look at that to an extent with the movement of raw materials. For example, stone tool resources move across the landscape.

Yes. I mean, it's difficult to really map how much these Neontal groups were connecting with each other. So there are different views on this. Some people think that they did have quite wide communication networks. We can look at that to an extent with the movement of raw materials. For example, stone tool resources move across the landscape.

Yes. I mean, it's difficult to really map how much these Neontal groups were connecting with each other. So there are different views on this. Some people think that they did have quite wide communication networks. We can look at that to an extent with the movement of raw materials. For example, stone tool resources move across the landscape.

And by and large, it looks like Homo sapiens extended the networks much wider. But the Neanderthals certainly were mobile and they certainly must have been in contact with other groups because they were exchanging mates. So there are a couple of sites where we can even look at the mating patterns of Neanderthal groups.

And by and large, it looks like Homo sapiens extended the networks much wider. But the Neanderthals certainly were mobile and they certainly must have been in contact with other groups because they were exchanging mates. So there are a couple of sites where we can even look at the mating patterns of Neanderthal groups.

And by and large, it looks like Homo sapiens extended the networks much wider. But the Neanderthals certainly were mobile and they certainly must have been in contact with other groups because they were exchanging mates. So there are a couple of sites where we can even look at the mating patterns of Neanderthal groups.

And at least from the sites where we've got the data, it looks like the males were largely staying in one location and the females were coming into those locations from elsewhere. So what's sometimes called a patrilocal mating system.

And at least from the sites where we've got the data, it looks like the males were largely staying in one location and the females were coming into those locations from elsewhere. So what's sometimes called a patrilocal mating system.

And at least from the sites where we've got the data, it looks like the males were largely staying in one location and the females were coming into those locations from elsewhere. So what's sometimes called a patrilocal mating system.