Professor Peter Heather

Or treachery, or Theodosius took one look at the balance of forces and realized he couldn't win. We don't know. But anyway, whereas when he first appears, Theodosius is the man to win the war. He then hands control of the war back to Gratian and his forces after the summer of 380. The summer of 380 is something happens to Theodosius's army.

Or treachery, or Theodosius took one look at the balance of forces and realized he couldn't win. We don't know. But anyway, whereas when he first appears, Theodosius is the man to win the war. He then hands control of the war back to Gratian and his forces after the summer of 380. The summer of 380 is something happens to Theodosius's army.

Or treachery, or Theodosius took one look at the balance of forces and realized he couldn't win. We don't know. But anyway, whereas when he first appears, Theodosius is the man to win the war. He then hands control of the war back to Gratian and his forces after the summer of 380. The summer of 380 is something happens to Theodosius's army.

And Gratian decides that he can't win an outright victory. So we end up with a deal done with the Goths that the leaders of Hadrianople among the Goths, they don't appear. So my strong suspicion is that part of the deal is that they'd be eliminated. They have to be given up. Yeah. But Fritigern is not mentioned again, but we do a peace deal

And Gratian decides that he can't win an outright victory. So we end up with a deal done with the Goths that the leaders of Hadrianople among the Goths, they don't appear. So my strong suspicion is that part of the deal is that they'd be eliminated. They have to be given up. Yeah. But Fritigern is not mentioned again, but we do a peace deal

And Gratian decides that he can't win an outright victory. So we end up with a deal done with the Goths that the leaders of Hadrianople among the Goths, they don't appear. So my strong suspicion is that part of the deal is that they'd be eliminated. They have to be given up. Yeah. But Fritigern is not mentioned again, but we do a peace deal

And that peace deal doesn't recognize a single Gothic leader as king, but it does allow Goths continued autonomy in large masses, maybe several rather than one composite mass, in the Balkans on Roman territory. This has been contested, but actually sources that are contemporary that are in favor of the deal and are hostile to it say the same thing about it.

And that peace deal doesn't recognize a single Gothic leader as king, but it does allow Goths continued autonomy in large masses, maybe several rather than one composite mass, in the Balkans on Roman territory. This has been contested, but actually sources that are contemporary that are in favor of the deal and are hostile to it say the same thing about it.

And that peace deal doesn't recognize a single Gothic leader as king, but it does allow Goths continued autonomy in large masses, maybe several rather than one composite mass, in the Balkans on Roman territory. This has been contested, but actually sources that are contemporary that are in favor of the deal and are hostile to it say the same thing about it.

So to my mind, that's game, set, and match. You know, when both sides to the story are telling you the same thing, essentially that's the nature of the deal.

So to my mind, that's game, set, and match. You know, when both sides to the story are telling you the same thing, essentially that's the nature of the deal.

So to my mind, that's game, set, and match. You know, when both sides to the story are telling you the same thing, essentially that's the nature of the deal.

to Western usurpers and uses the Goths on both campaigns. But the Goths don't like being used. There are mutinies on the first campaign. And in the second campaign, well, how did that happen? The Goths end up in the front line of the battle. And the Frigilists then suffer very large casualties. accident design.

to Western usurpers and uses the Goths on both campaigns. But the Goths don't like being used. There are mutinies on the first campaign. And in the second campaign, well, how did that happen? The Goths end up in the front line of the battle. And the Frigilists then suffer very large casualties. accident design.

to Western usurpers and uses the Goths on both campaigns. But the Goths don't like being used. There are mutinies on the first campaign. And in the second campaign, well, how did that happen? The Goths end up in the front line of the battle. And the Frigilists then suffer very large casualties. accident design.

Yes. And that is the backdrop to Alaric's revolt. When Theodosius suddenly dies unexpectedly in January 395, Alaric is able to mobilize the ill-feeling amongst the Goths, who are well aware that the Roman state might want to revisit the deal very exceptional, totally unique deal that it's offered them, and he can get enough of them onside to make a major revolt.

Yes. And that is the backdrop to Alaric's revolt. When Theodosius suddenly dies unexpectedly in January 395, Alaric is able to mobilize the ill-feeling amongst the Goths, who are well aware that the Roman state might want to revisit the deal very exceptional, totally unique deal that it's offered them, and he can get enough of them onside to make a major revolt.

Yes. And that is the backdrop to Alaric's revolt. When Theodosius suddenly dies unexpectedly in January 395, Alaric is able to mobilize the ill-feeling amongst the Goths, who are well aware that the Roman state might want to revisit the deal very exceptional, totally unique deal that it's offered them, and he can get enough of them onside to make a major revolt.

To my mind, the sources are pretty clear that he knows that what he needs is a more secure deal from the Roman state. And he uses ravaging and conflict as the mechanism to extract that deal. So his first move is on Greece. They march south. And that does get him a temporary deal with the Eastern Empire. But that deal is very unpopular in Eastern imperial circles.

To my mind, the sources are pretty clear that he knows that what he needs is a more secure deal from the Roman state. And he uses ravaging and conflict as the mechanism to extract that deal. So his first move is on Greece. They march south. And that does get him a temporary deal with the Eastern Empire. But that deal is very unpopular in Eastern imperial circles.