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The discovery of dark oxygen forces us to reconsider what we know about life on Earth and beyond. But let's clean up some of the science. Here are the established facts. Scientists have confirmed that polymetallic nodules on the deep sea floor produce electric currents. These currents are strong enough to split water molecules and release oxygen.

The discovery of dark oxygen forces us to reconsider what we know about life on Earth and beyond. But let's clean up some of the science. Here are the established facts. Scientists have confirmed that polymetallic nodules on the deep sea floor produce electric currents. These currents are strong enough to split water molecules and release oxygen.

This happens without sunlight, without photosynthesis. It happens in total darkness. This process has been verified in laboratory settings. The voltage has been measured. The oxygen production has been documented. The phenomenon is real. The nodules contain valuable minerals, manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper.

This happens without sunlight, without photosynthesis. It happens in total darkness. This process has been verified in laboratory settings. The voltage has been measured. The oxygen production has been documented. The phenomenon is real. The nodules contain valuable minerals, manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper.

They formed over millions of years in a process so slow, it's almost impossible to comprehend. One centimeter can take several million years to develop. The ecosystems around these nodules are diverse. They contain thousands of species previously unknown to science. Many evolved to live directly on or around the nodules. But this is where certainty ends and scientific debate begins.

They formed over millions of years in a process so slow, it's almost impossible to comprehend. One centimeter can take several million years to develop. The ecosystems around these nodules are diverse. They contain thousands of species previously unknown to science. Many evolved to live directly on or around the nodules. But this is where certainty ends and scientific debate begins.

Some researchers believe dark oxygen played a crucial role in the Earth's early atmosphere, maybe even before photosynthesis evolved. They point to geological evidence that shows oxygen appearing in bursts, regardless of what types of plants, if any, existed at that time. Others feel that dark oxygen, while fascinating, is a minor contributor.

Some researchers believe dark oxygen played a crucial role in the Earth's early atmosphere, maybe even before photosynthesis evolved. They point to geological evidence that shows oxygen appearing in bursts, regardless of what types of plants, if any, existed at that time. Others feel that dark oxygen, while fascinating, is a minor contributor.

Most of Earth's oxygen still comes from plants and other photosynthetic organisms like algae and bacteria. Scientists also disagree about the ocean floor neural network theory. Some see evidence of patterns consistent with a global system, but skeptics say they're seeing patterns where none exists. Then there is the space connection. If dark oxygen exists on Earth, it probably exists elsewhere.

Most of Earth's oxygen still comes from plants and other photosynthetic organisms like algae and bacteria. Scientists also disagree about the ocean floor neural network theory. Some see evidence of patterns consistent with a global system, but skeptics say they're seeing patterns where none exists. Then there is the space connection. If dark oxygen exists on Earth, it probably exists elsewhere.

on Europa, on Enceladus, on countless worlds throughout the universe. This changes our search for extraterrestrial life. We're no longer limited to the narrow band of planets where photosynthesis could occur. The habitable zone expands dramatically, so dramatically that any planet or any moon at any distance from any star could harbor life.

on Europa, on Enceladus, on countless worlds throughout the universe. This changes our search for extraterrestrial life. We're no longer limited to the narrow band of planets where photosynthesis could occur. The habitable zone expands dramatically, so dramatically that any planet or any moon at any distance from any star could harbor life.

Even rogue planets and asteroids in between systems, there could be life present. Then there's the environmental implications. The mining industry says we have an urgent need for these minerals. Cobalt, nickel and manganese are essential for batteries, for renewable energy, for storage to power electric cars, homes, even aircraft.

Even rogue planets and asteroids in between systems, there could be life present. Then there's the environmental implications. The mining industry says we have an urgent need for these minerals. Cobalt, nickel and manganese are essential for batteries, for renewable energy, for storage to power electric cars, homes, even aircraft.

They argue that deep sea mining is less destructive than land-based mining. No forests are cleared, no rivers are polluted, no communities are displaced. Well, that's not exactly true, is it? Regulations were just passed and mining has begun just within the last couple of months. Now, once harvested, these ancient formations can't be replaced.

They argue that deep sea mining is less destructive than land-based mining. No forests are cleared, no rivers are polluted, no communities are displaced. Well, that's not exactly true, is it? Regulations were just passed and mining has begun just within the last couple of months. Now, once harvested, these ancient formations can't be replaced.

Scientists have documented the test mining sites from the 1970s. Even after 50 years, the damage is there. The seafloor will heal, but it will take millions of years. Now maybe mining the seafloor is the right decision. Maybe it's cleaner and safer than surface mining. Maybe these electrified, oxygen-producing rocks can be removed without repercussions.