Andrew T

Instead of backing Zapata, in February 1915, La Casa signed a pact with the constitutionalist forces and created quote-unquote red battalions within Carranza's army.

But although La Casa expanded its influence and managed to mount strikes among miners, teachers, drivers, bakers, oil workers, textile workers, carpenters, button makers, and barbers in 1915 in response to the economic pressures of inflation and unemployment, by early 1916, their government allies were cracking down on them. Not long after hiring the Red Battalions, they fired the Red Battalions.

But although La Casa expanded its influence and managed to mount strikes among miners, teachers, drivers, bakers, oil workers, textile workers, carpenters, button makers, and barbers in 1915 in response to the economic pressures of inflation and unemployment, by early 1916, their government allies were cracking down on them. Not long after hiring the Red Battalions, they fired the Red Battalions.

But although La Casa expanded its influence and managed to mount strikes among miners, teachers, drivers, bakers, oil workers, textile workers, carpenters, button makers, and barbers in 1915 in response to the economic pressures of inflation and unemployment, by early 1916, their government allies were cracking down on them. Not long after hiring the Red Battalions, they fired the Red Battalions.

They shut down La Casa's offices. They sent key figures to jail. In response, the workers' movement held a national congress in Veracruz, and out of this emerged a new labor federation built on anarcho-syndicalist principles, committed not to capturing power, but to dismantling it, the Confederación del Trabajo de la Región Mexicana.

They shut down La Casa's offices. They sent key figures to jail. In response, the workers' movement held a national congress in Veracruz, and out of this emerged a new labor federation built on anarcho-syndicalist principles, committed not to capturing power, but to dismantling it, the Confederación del Trabajo de la Región Mexicana.

They shut down La Casa's offices. They sent key figures to jail. In response, the workers' movement held a national congress in Veracruz, and out of this emerged a new labor federation built on anarcho-syndicalist principles, committed not to capturing power, but to dismantling it, the Confederación del Trabajo de la Región Mexicana.

In May 1916, a general strike erupted in protest of the imprisonment of La Casa's leadership and to demand urgent economic relief. While the strike was an immediate success, its ease led many young militants to believe that change could come through a benevolent state.

In May 1916, a general strike erupted in protest of the imprisonment of La Casa's leadership and to demand urgent economic relief. While the strike was an immediate success, its ease led many young militants to believe that change could come through a benevolent state.

In May 1916, a general strike erupted in protest of the imprisonment of La Casa's leadership and to demand urgent economic relief. While the strike was an immediate success, its ease led many young militants to believe that change could come through a benevolent state.

Notably, Luis Morones, who would later lead the Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana, or CROM, signed agreements with Carranza's government. Matters intensified ten months later when a second strike broke out due to low pay. In response, Carranza ordered mounted police to break up assemblies and declared martial law.

Notably, Luis Morones, who would later lead the Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana, or CROM, signed agreements with Carranza's government. Matters intensified ten months later when a second strike broke out due to low pay. In response, Carranza ordered mounted police to break up assemblies and declared martial law.

Notably, Luis Morones, who would later lead the Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana, or CROM, signed agreements with Carranza's government. Matters intensified ten months later when a second strike broke out due to low pay. In response, Carranza ordered mounted police to break up assemblies and declared martial law.

The strike was crushed, its committee suspended all activities, and one prominent leader was nearly executed before his sentence was finally commuted. La Casa shut down and the strike failed, but the anarchists endured. By mid-1917, new groups like Luz and several local casas had reappeared throughout the country.

The strike was crushed, its committee suspended all activities, and one prominent leader was nearly executed before his sentence was finally commuted. La Casa shut down and the strike failed, but the anarchists endured. By mid-1917, new groups like Luz and several local casas had reappeared throughout the country.

The strike was crushed, its committee suspended all activities, and one prominent leader was nearly executed before his sentence was finally commuted. La Casa shut down and the strike failed, but the anarchists endured. By mid-1917, new groups like Luz and several local casas had reappeared throughout the country.

However, internal debates culminated in the October 1917 National Workers' Congress, where reformist forces led by Luis Morones properly marginalized the anarchists, setting the stage for the rise of the CROM and a more moderate, pro-management approach, aligned with, of all people, the American Federation of Labor, the AFL.

However, internal debates culminated in the October 1917 National Workers' Congress, where reformist forces led by Luis Morones properly marginalized the anarchists, setting the stage for the rise of the CROM and a more moderate, pro-management approach, aligned with, of all people, the American Federation of Labor, the AFL.

However, internal debates culminated in the October 1917 National Workers' Congress, where reformist forces led by Luis Morones properly marginalized the anarchists, setting the stage for the rise of the CROM and a more moderate, pro-management approach, aligned with, of all people, the American Federation of Labor, the AFL.

Carranza's crowning achievement came in that same year, with the signing of the Constitution of 1917. On paper, it was progressive. Land reform, limits on church power, labor protections. But to many revolutionaries, including Magón, this wasn't the revolution fulfilled. Far from it. It was a revolution managed. Their wildest dreams trimmed down to a policy.