Ann Durkin Keating

And it did.

It had an odor.

And again, it goes back to the swampy land that this was in.

And so the spring, early spring and into early summer, you'd really get this.

You have you get this aroma walking through the woodlands in this area.

Yeah, and I think you've hit on something.

The Northwest Ordinance includes in it the idea that you're going to take land and make it into real estate.

The idea, and I mean, it takes the Land Ordinance of 1785 and imposes that on this whole territory in the Northwest.

That includes what becomes Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan.

Those states, that territory then, that's when we see this big transition done.

To my mind, this is the big moment because it's when the land that had been, whether it was indigenous controlled with French layer on top or a British layer on top or an American layer, at this point, the U.S.

government says, now it's going to be U.S.

land.

And there isn't going to be space for this indigenous culture, indigenous world that's a trading world where there's an interaction between Europeans and Africans and indigenous people of various groups here in a place like Chicago.

And instead, we're going to nail down...

we're going to survey and we're going to sell this land.

And to your point then, what we see beginning with earlier than 1795, but certainly with the Greenville Treaty in 1795, is a series of treaties that the U.S.

is going to make with Native Americans.

Some very much forced, some wheedled, but in all cases, treaties that are going to demand that Native peoples give up their lands

in return for lands further west, for annuities, for farm goods, whatever it's going to be on that list of things that they're going to get.