Betül Kaçar

There are three different ways to stop this, one way to start it.

And for each...

letter, you have multiple options.

So you say you have a code A, the second code can be another A. And even if you mess that up, you still can't rescue yourself.

So you can get, for instance, I'm looking at the lysine K, you get an A and you get an A and then you get an A that gives you the lysine.

But if you get an A and if you get an A and I get a G, you still get the license.

So there are different combinations.

So even if there's an error, we don't know if these are selected because they were erroneous and somehow they got locked down.

We don't know if there's a mechanism behind this or we certainly don't know this definitively.

But this is the informatic part of this.

And notice that the colors, and in some tables too, the colors will be coded in a way that the type of the nucleotides can be similar chemically.

But the point is that you will still end up with the same amino acids or something similar to it, even if you mess up the code.

Which errors result in the same output, like the same function and which don't, which actually results in a dysfunction or which are... We understand to some degree how translation and the rest of the cell work together, how an error at the translation level, this is the really core level, can impact entire cell.

But we understand very little about the evolutionary mechanisms behind the selection of the system.

It's thought to be one of the hardest problems in biology, and it is still the dark side of biology, even though it is so essential.

So this is, yeah, you're looking at the...

language of life, so to speak, and how it can found ways rather to tolerate its own mistakes.

Because all the final letters, that's the 20 amino acids, that's our alphabet.

They are all brought together with these bits of information, right?

So when you look at the genes, you're looking at those four letters.