Bliss Chapman

So fast forward many, many years to 1920s, where Hans Berger, who is a German psychiatrist, discovered EEG or electroencephalography, which is still around. There are these electrode arrays that you wear outside the skull that gives you some sort of neural recording. That was a very, very big milestone that you can record some sort of activities about the human mind.

So fast forward many, many years to 1920s, where Hans Berger, who is a German psychiatrist, discovered EEG or electroencephalography, which is still around. There are these electrode arrays that you wear outside the skull that gives you some sort of neural recording. That was a very, very big milestone that you can record some sort of activities about the human mind.

So fast forward many, many years to 1920s, where Hans Berger, who is a German psychiatrist, discovered EEG or electroencephalography, which is still around. There are these electrode arrays that you wear outside the skull that gives you some sort of neural recording. That was a very, very big milestone that you can record some sort of activities about the human mind.

And then in the 1940s, there were these group of scientists, Renshaw, Forbes, and Morrison that inserted these glass microelectrodes into the cortex and recorded single neurons. The fact that there's signal that are a bit more high resolution and high fidelity as you get closer to the source, let's say.

And then in the 1940s, there were these group of scientists, Renshaw, Forbes, and Morrison that inserted these glass microelectrodes into the cortex and recorded single neurons. The fact that there's signal that are a bit more high resolution and high fidelity as you get closer to the source, let's say.

And then in the 1940s, there were these group of scientists, Renshaw, Forbes, and Morrison that inserted these glass microelectrodes into the cortex and recorded single neurons. The fact that there's signal that are a bit more high resolution and high fidelity as you get closer to the source, let's say.

And in the 1950s, these two scientists, Hodgkin and Huxley showed up and they built this beautiful, beautiful models of the cell membrane and the ionic mechanism and had these like circuit diagram. And as someone who is an electrical engineer, it's a beautiful model that's built out of

And in the 1950s, these two scientists, Hodgkin and Huxley showed up and they built this beautiful, beautiful models of the cell membrane and the ionic mechanism and had these like circuit diagram. And as someone who is an electrical engineer, it's a beautiful model that's built out of

And in the 1950s, these two scientists, Hodgkin and Huxley showed up and they built this beautiful, beautiful models of the cell membrane and the ionic mechanism and had these like circuit diagram. And as someone who is an electrical engineer, it's a beautiful model that's built out of

these partial differential equations, talking about flow of ions and how that really leads to how neurons communicate. And they won the Nobel Prize for that 10 years later in the 1960s. So in 1969, Ed Fetz from University of Washington published this beautiful paper called Operant Conditioning of Cortical Unit Activity, where

these partial differential equations, talking about flow of ions and how that really leads to how neurons communicate. And they won the Nobel Prize for that 10 years later in the 1960s. So in 1969, Ed Fetz from University of Washington published this beautiful paper called Operant Conditioning of Cortical Unit Activity, where

these partial differential equations, talking about flow of ions and how that really leads to how neurons communicate. And they won the Nobel Prize for that 10 years later in the 1960s. So in 1969, Ed Fetz from University of Washington published this beautiful paper called Operant Conditioning of Cortical Unit Activity, where

He was able to record a single unit neuron from a monkey and was able to have the monkey modulate it based on its activity and reward system. So I would say this is the very, very first example, as far as I'm aware, of closed loop brain computer interface or BCI.

He was able to record a single unit neuron from a monkey and was able to have the monkey modulate it based on its activity and reward system. So I would say this is the very, very first example, as far as I'm aware, of closed loop brain computer interface or BCI.

He was able to record a single unit neuron from a monkey and was able to have the monkey modulate it based on its activity and reward system. So I would say this is the very, very first example, as far as I'm aware, of closed loop brain computer interface or BCI.

Yeah, number of experiments as well as set of tools to interface with the brain have just exploded. I think, and also just understanding the neural code and how some of the cortical layers and the functions are organized. So the other paper that is pretty seminal, especially in the motor decoding, was this paper in the 1980s from Georgiopoulos.

Yeah, number of experiments as well as set of tools to interface with the brain have just exploded. I think, and also just understanding the neural code and how some of the cortical layers and the functions are organized. So the other paper that is pretty seminal, especially in the motor decoding, was this paper in the 1980s from Georgiopoulos.

Yeah, number of experiments as well as set of tools to interface with the brain have just exploded. I think, and also just understanding the neural code and how some of the cortical layers and the functions are organized. So the other paper that is pretty seminal, especially in the motor decoding, was this paper in the 1980s from Georgiopoulos.

that discovered that there's this thing called motor tuning curve. So what are motor tuning curves? It's the fact that there are neurons in the motor cortex of mammals, including humans, that have a preferential direction that causes them to fire.

that discovered that there's this thing called motor tuning curve. So what are motor tuning curves? It's the fact that there are neurons in the motor cortex of mammals, including humans, that have a preferential direction that causes them to fire.