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Cari Cesarotti

👤 Person
424 total appearances

Appearances Over Time

Podcast Appearances

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

One, because it introduced an extrasymmetry, which again, we all love. And if there's a way for a symmetry to exist, oh boy, do we want it to exist. Right.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

One, because it introduced an extrasymmetry, which again, we all love. And if there's a way for a symmetry to exist, oh boy, do we want it to exist. Right.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

And the problem that are really famously addressed is exactly this hierarchy problem, is that if you want to understand why you have a very, very big number as a prediction, but you see a very, very small number experimentally measured, the easiest answer is there's a symmetry that cancels something, right? A symmetry is a fancy way of just saying that there's basically a copy of something.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

And the problem that are really famously addressed is exactly this hierarchy problem, is that if you want to understand why you have a very, very big number as a prediction, but you see a very, very small number experimentally measured, the easiest answer is there's a symmetry that cancels something, right? A symmetry is a fancy way of just saying that there's basically a copy of something.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

So the symmetry is a way of explaining why two big numbers should almost exactly cancel. So supersymmetry, as we could have seen it before the Large Hadron Collider turned on, would have been an amazing way of explaining why the Higgs boson has a mass of around 100 GeV instead of 10 to the 18 GeV.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

So the symmetry is a way of explaining why two big numbers should almost exactly cancel. So supersymmetry, as we could have seen it before the Large Hadron Collider turned on, would have been an amazing way of explaining why the Higgs boson has a mass of around 100 GeV instead of 10 to the 18 GeV.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

So that was kind of the most exciting promise is that there was a fundamental reason why this particle was so light. And there was expectation of all these new particles that we would hope to see. And it was going to be an amazing time. And people were even worried that we couldn't find the Higgs boson because there'd be too many of these other super partners.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

So that was kind of the most exciting promise is that there was a fundamental reason why this particle was so light. And there was expectation of all these new particles that we would hope to see. And it was going to be an amazing time. And people were even worried that we couldn't find the Higgs boson because there'd be too many of these other super partners.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

Unfortunately, we turned on the LHC and we did not see the superpartners. Supersymmetry as theorized in its most beautiful pure form of having the maximal symmetry is not something that's probably realizable at this point. However, there are versions of it in which you can introduce new particles or new interactions that take you away from that perfectly symmetric case and break the symmetry.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

Unfortunately, we turned on the LHC and we did not see the superpartners. Supersymmetry as theorized in its most beautiful pure form of having the maximal symmetry is not something that's probably realizable at this point. However, there are versions of it in which you can introduce new particles or new interactions that take you away from that perfectly symmetric case and break the symmetry.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

So, you know, of course these theories still exist and it's still worth looking for, assuming that we have the tools to do so. But at some point you're not solving the fundamental question that you asked, or you have to introduce something that basically replaces the fundamental question that you were asking. So it becomes a bit of a patchwork solution rather than a global solution.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

So, you know, of course these theories still exist and it's still worth looking for, assuming that we have the tools to do so. But at some point you're not solving the fundamental question that you asked, or you have to introduce something that basically replaces the fundamental question that you were asking. So it becomes a bit of a patchwork solution rather than a global solution.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

And that's something much less attractive.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

And that's something much less attractive.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

Yeah, I mean, it is definitely something that really is a marker of a very healthy theory in physics, I think, is when it can sort of address many problems at once versus just, you know, picking one problem and trying to, like I said, patchwork it.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

Yeah, I mean, it is definitely something that really is a marker of a very healthy theory in physics, I think, is when it can sort of address many problems at once versus just, you know, picking one problem and trying to, like I said, patchwork it.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

So, yeah, it was it was a really beautiful theory that had a lot of reasons to be motivated, could address a lot of questions that we had about the standard model. And, yeah, the fact that we didn't see it, I think, has put us into a little bit of a crisis in terms of the theory world in the particle physics community.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

So, yeah, it was it was a really beautiful theory that had a lot of reasons to be motivated, could address a lot of questions that we had about the standard model. And, yeah, the fact that we didn't see it, I think, has put us into a little bit of a crisis in terms of the theory world in the particle physics community.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

We could have had it all.

Sean Carroll's Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas
289 | Cari Cesarotti on the Next Generation of Particle Experiments

We could have had it all.