Charan Ranganath

Yeah. And I think this falls into a category. We've done other modeling. One of these is a published study in PLOS, Computational Biology, where we showed that another way, which is, I think, related to the spacing effect is what's called the testing effect. So the idea is that if you're trying to learn words...

Yeah. And I think this falls into a category. We've done other modeling. One of these is a published study in PLOS, Computational Biology, where we showed that another way, which is, I think, related to the spacing effect is what's called the testing effect. So the idea is that if you're trying to learn words...

let's say in Spanish or something like that, and this doesn't have to be words, it could be anything, you test yourself on the words, and that act of testing yourself helps you retain it better over time than if you just studied it, right? And so... From traditional learning theories, some learning theories anyway, this seems weird.

let's say in Spanish or something like that, and this doesn't have to be words, it could be anything, you test yourself on the words, and that act of testing yourself helps you retain it better over time than if you just studied it, right? And so... From traditional learning theories, some learning theories anyway, this seems weird.

let's say in Spanish or something like that, and this doesn't have to be words, it could be anything, you test yourself on the words, and that act of testing yourself helps you retain it better over time than if you just studied it, right? And so... From traditional learning theories, some learning theories anyway, this seems weird.

Why would you do better giving yourself this extra error from testing yourself rather than just giving yourself perfect input that's a replica of what it is that you're trying to learn? And I think the reason is is that you get better retention from that error, that mismatch that we talked about, right?

Why would you do better giving yourself this extra error from testing yourself rather than just giving yourself perfect input that's a replica of what it is that you're trying to learn? And I think the reason is is that you get better retention from that error, that mismatch that we talked about, right?

Why would you do better giving yourself this extra error from testing yourself rather than just giving yourself perfect input that's a replica of what it is that you're trying to learn? And I think the reason is is that you get better retention from that error, that mismatch that we talked about, right?

So what's happening in our model, it's actually conceptually kind of similar to what happens with backprop in AI or neural networks. And so the idea is that you expose, here's the bad connections and here's the good connections. And so we can keep the parts of this cell assembly that are good for the memory and lose the ones that are not so good.

So what's happening in our model, it's actually conceptually kind of similar to what happens with backprop in AI or neural networks. And so the idea is that you expose, here's the bad connections and here's the good connections. And so we can keep the parts of this cell assembly that are good for the memory and lose the ones that are not so good.

So what's happening in our model, it's actually conceptually kind of similar to what happens with backprop in AI or neural networks. And so the idea is that you expose, here's the bad connections and here's the good connections. And so we can keep the parts of this cell assembly that are good for the memory and lose the ones that are not so good.

But if you don't stress test the memory, you haven't exposed it to the error fully. And so that's why I think this is kind of this is a thing that I come back to over and over again is that you will retain information better if you're constantly pushing yourself to your limit. Right. If you are feeling like you're coasting, then you're actually not learning.

But if you don't stress test the memory, you haven't exposed it to the error fully. And so that's why I think this is kind of this is a thing that I come back to over and over again is that you will retain information better if you're constantly pushing yourself to your limit. Right. If you are feeling like you're coasting, then you're actually not learning.

But if you don't stress test the memory, you haven't exposed it to the error fully. And so that's why I think this is kind of this is a thing that I come back to over and over again is that you will retain information better if you're constantly pushing yourself to your limit. Right. If you are feeling like you're coasting, then you're actually not learning.

Yeah, and feel good about it. Even though everyone tells me, oh, my memory's terrible, in the moment, they're overconfident about what they'll retain later on. So it's fascinating. And so what happens is when you test yourself, you're like, oh my God, I thought I knew that, but I don't. And so it can be demoralizing until you get around that and you realize, hey, this is the way that I learned.

Yeah, and feel good about it. Even though everyone tells me, oh, my memory's terrible, in the moment, they're overconfident about what they'll retain later on. So it's fascinating. And so what happens is when you test yourself, you're like, oh my God, I thought I knew that, but I don't. And so it can be demoralizing until you get around that and you realize, hey, this is the way that I learned.

Yeah, and feel good about it. Even though everyone tells me, oh, my memory's terrible, in the moment, they're overconfident about what they'll retain later on. So it's fascinating. And so what happens is when you test yourself, you're like, oh my God, I thought I knew that, but I don't. And so it can be demoralizing until you get around that and you realize, hey, this is the way that I learned.

This is how I learned best. It's like if you're trying to, you know, star in a movie or something like that, you don't just sit around reading the script. You actually act it out, and you're going to botch those lines from time to time, right?

This is how I learned best. It's like if you're trying to, you know, star in a movie or something like that, you don't just sit around reading the script. You actually act it out, and you're going to botch those lines from time to time, right?

This is how I learned best. It's like if you're trying to, you know, star in a movie or something like that, you don't just sit around reading the script. You actually act it out, and you're going to botch those lines from time to time, right?