Charan Ranganath

But anyway, they do that temporal lobectomy and he actually had the posterior one-third of his hippocampus. But he had lost his perirhinal cortex bilaterally. And that turned out to be Betsy Murray at NIH later and other people turned out to be a huge thing. So one of the reasons I think that he became so densely amnestic is that it was bilateral.

So if you think about the brain, like you have a side of the brain that's causing a seizure, so you kind of got a spare tire on the other side where it's like that other healthy tissue on the other side can sometimes pick up the slack. But if you take out both hemispheres, now you're in really bad shape. So... Scoville did that.

So if you think about the brain, like you have a side of the brain that's causing a seizure, so you kind of got a spare tire on the other side where it's like that other healthy tissue on the other side can sometimes pick up the slack. But if you take out both hemispheres, now you're in really bad shape. So... Scoville did that.

So if you think about the brain, like you have a side of the brain that's causing a seizure, so you kind of got a spare tire on the other side where it's like that other healthy tissue on the other side can sometimes pick up the slack. But if you take out both hemispheres, now you're in really bad shape. So... Scoville did that.

He actually did it for people who are... HM had epilepsy and it was a legit operation in that sense, but he did it for people who had, I think, like psychosis too, depression. I mean, back then they just did all kinds of crazy stuff. But Penfield was like, no, I want to make sure I take out only the tissue that needs to go. So what do you do?

He actually did it for people who are... HM had epilepsy and it was a legit operation in that sense, but he did it for people who had, I think, like psychosis too, depression. I mean, back then they just did all kinds of crazy stuff. But Penfield was like, no, I want to make sure I take out only the tissue that needs to go. So what do you do?

He actually did it for people who are... HM had epilepsy and it was a legit operation in that sense, but he did it for people who had, I think, like psychosis too, depression. I mean, back then they just did all kinds of crazy stuff. But Penfield was like, no, I want to make sure I take out only the tissue that needs to go. So what do you do?

You stimulate different parts of the brain and you see, does it produce anything other than a seizure? And if so, that's not an area you want to remove. And so you would go into the anterior temporal lobes and stimulate, and people would have – sometimes they would have an intense real memory.

You stimulate different parts of the brain and you see, does it produce anything other than a seizure? And if so, that's not an area you want to remove. And so you would go into the anterior temporal lobes and stimulate, and people would have – sometimes they would have an intense real memory.

You stimulate different parts of the brain and you see, does it produce anything other than a seizure? And if so, that's not an area you want to remove. And so you would go into the anterior temporal lobes and stimulate, and people would have – sometimes they would have an intense real memory.

But sometimes they would have this intense sense of deja vu where it's like they feel this – I feel like I've lived out this whole thing that's happening right now. I've lived it before. When you know that's not true, right? So what is this? Well –

But sometimes they would have this intense sense of deja vu where it's like they feel this – I feel like I've lived out this whole thing that's happening right now. I've lived it before. When you know that's not true, right? So what is this? Well –

But sometimes they would have this intense sense of deja vu where it's like they feel this – I feel like I've lived out this whole thing that's happening right now. I've lived it before. When you know that's not true, right? So what is this? Well –

A number of people, my lab was heavily involved with this, and Andy Annalenis at UC Davis was, you know, really central to a lot of the stuff, found that the perirhinal cortex, which is this area, as I said, it's a big player with the hippocampus, seems to be very critical for this general sense of familiarity that we have.

A number of people, my lab was heavily involved with this, and Andy Annalenis at UC Davis was, you know, really central to a lot of the stuff, found that the perirhinal cortex, which is this area, as I said, it's a big player with the hippocampus, seems to be very critical for this general sense of familiarity that we have.

A number of people, my lab was heavily involved with this, and Andy Annalenis at UC Davis was, you know, really central to a lot of the stuff, found that the perirhinal cortex, which is this area, as I said, it's a big player with the hippocampus, seems to be very critical for this general sense of familiarity that we have.

And so, you know, I use in the book an example of like, if I say, have you eaten a rambutan before? Now, you being a worldly guy might, have you ever eaten a rambutan?

And so, you know, I use in the book an example of like, if I say, have you eaten a rambutan before? Now, you being a worldly guy might, have you ever eaten a rambutan?

And so, you know, I use in the book an example of like, if I say, have you eaten a rambutan before? Now, you being a worldly guy might, have you ever eaten a rambutan?

Okay. So how quick was it that you were able to say no, that you were able to think about it and go, I've never eaten rambutan?