Charan Ranganath

And if you look from what little I understand, different orca pods have different traditions. They hunt for different things. They have different play traditions. And that's a culture, right? And so in social animals... Evolution, I think, is designing brains that are really around, you know, it's obviously optimized for the individual, but also for kin.

And I think that the kin are part of this, when they're a part of this intense social group, the brain development should parallel the nature of the ecology.

And I think that the kin are part of this, when they're a part of this intense social group, the brain development should parallel the nature of the ecology.

And I think that the kin are part of this, when they're a part of this intense social group, the brain development should parallel the nature of the ecology.

So we can think about this on a number of levels. Maybe I'll give you the simplest version first, which is we tend to think of memories as these individual things, and we can just access them, maybe a little bit like photos on your phone or something like that. But in the brain, the way it works is you have this distributed pool of neurons, and

So we can think about this on a number of levels. Maybe I'll give you the simplest version first, which is we tend to think of memories as these individual things, and we can just access them, maybe a little bit like photos on your phone or something like that. But in the brain, the way it works is you have this distributed pool of neurons, and

So we can think about this on a number of levels. Maybe I'll give you the simplest version first, which is we tend to think of memories as these individual things, and we can just access them, maybe a little bit like photos on your phone or something like that. But in the brain, the way it works is you have this distributed pool of neurons, and

the memories are kind of shared across different pools of neurons. And so what you have is competition where sometimes memories that overlap can be fighting against each other, right? So sometimes we forget because that competition just wipes things out. Sometimes we forget because there aren't the biological signals which we can get into. would promote long-term retention.

the memories are kind of shared across different pools of neurons. And so what you have is competition where sometimes memories that overlap can be fighting against each other, right? So sometimes we forget because that competition just wipes things out. Sometimes we forget because there aren't the biological signals which we can get into. would promote long-term retention.

the memories are kind of shared across different pools of neurons. And so what you have is competition where sometimes memories that overlap can be fighting against each other, right? So sometimes we forget because that competition just wipes things out. Sometimes we forget because there aren't the biological signals which we can get into. would promote long-term retention.

And lots of times we forget because we can't find the cue that sends us back to the right memory. And we need the right cue to be able to activate it, right? So for instance, in a neural network, you wouldn't go and you'd say, this is the memory, right? It's like the whole ecosystem of memories is in the weights of the neural network.

And lots of times we forget because we can't find the cue that sends us back to the right memory. And we need the right cue to be able to activate it, right? So for instance, in a neural network, you wouldn't go and you'd say, this is the memory, right? It's like the whole ecosystem of memories is in the weights of the neural network.

And lots of times we forget because we can't find the cue that sends us back to the right memory. And we need the right cue to be able to activate it, right? So for instance, in a neural network, you wouldn't go and you'd say, this is the memory, right? It's like the whole ecosystem of memories is in the weights of the neural network.

And in fact, you could extract entirely new memories depending on how you feed

And in fact, you could extract entirely new memories depending on how you feed

And in fact, you could extract entirely new memories depending on how you feed

That's exactly right. That's exactly right. And in humans, you have this more complex set of ways memory works. There's, as I said, the knowledge or what you call semantic memory. And then there's these memories for specific events, which we call episodic memory. And so there's different pieces of the puzzle that require different kinds of cues.

That's exactly right. That's exactly right. And in humans, you have this more complex set of ways memory works. There's, as I said, the knowledge or what you call semantic memory. And then there's these memories for specific events, which we call episodic memory. And so there's different pieces of the puzzle that require different kinds of cues.

That's exactly right. That's exactly right. And in humans, you have this more complex set of ways memory works. There's, as I said, the knowledge or what you call semantic memory. And then there's these memories for specific events, which we call episodic memory. And so there's different pieces of the puzzle that require different kinds of cues.

So that's a big part of it too, is just this kind of what we call retrieval failure.