Chris Kempes

um, got us thinking again about just how far we could take these, these physical constraints, um, and the optimizations of those to understand what, what organisms are doing. Um, and then we moved into the single cells in lots of different ways. Um, but yeah, mammals have, uh, it's a different set of physics, you know, it's the physics of, uh, fluid flow through vessels.

um, got us thinking again about just how far we could take these, these physical constraints, um, and the optimizations of those to understand what, what organisms are doing. Um, and then we moved into the single cells in lots of different ways. Um, but yeah, mammals have, uh, it's a different set of physics, you know, it's the physics of, uh, fluid flow through vessels.

It's the physics of mechanical buckling, um, under gravity, um, And it's a very different sort of thing, but it still leads to predictions for how their metabolism should change with their overall body mass and what the structure of these vascular systems should look like and how fast they should reproduce and how long they should live.

It's the physics of mechanical buckling, um, under gravity, um, And it's a very different sort of thing, but it still leads to predictions for how their metabolism should change with their overall body mass and what the structure of these vascular systems should look like and how fast they should reproduce and how long they should live.

And so there is a pretty well worked out sort of systematic theory there as well. It's just slightly different physics.

And so there is a pretty well worked out sort of systematic theory there as well. It's just slightly different physics.

Please.

Please.

So first is, you know, first is there have been many cases in the past where radical changes to the environment have led to these huge mass extinctions. And then following those mass extinctions, you get what's called a re-radiation or radiation of different organisms that then discover these new innovations and Um, we're one such thing, right.

So first is, you know, first is there have been many cases in the past where radical changes to the environment have led to these huge mass extinctions. And then following those mass extinctions, you get what's called a re-radiation or radiation of different organisms that then discover these new innovations and Um, we're one such thing, right.

As mammals that were small and in low abundance in the time of dinosaurs and, um, certain physiology allowed us to make it through this mass extinction and then to expand and become the organisms we are. Um, so that's one side. I think that's totally a separate question from, uh, the ethics and considerations of mass extinctions from a responsibility perspective for humans.

As mammals that were small and in low abundance in the time of dinosaurs and, um, certain physiology allowed us to make it through this mass extinction and then to expand and become the organisms we are. Um, so that's one side. I think that's totally a separate question from, uh, the ethics and considerations of mass extinctions from a responsibility perspective for humans.

And it's also not guaranteed. So I think lots of mass extinctions don't get followed by a recovery. It's not clear that we always would have come out of snowball Earth. It's possible that you find really interesting planets for a long time that then get into this snowball phase.

And it's also not guaranteed. So I think lots of mass extinctions don't get followed by a recovery. It's not clear that we always would have come out of snowball Earth. It's possible that you find really interesting planets for a long time that then get into this snowball phase.

the dynamicists, the planetary dynamicists will tell you that alternative steady state, having two steady states, one of which is a snowball, is common for planets that likely can harbor life. And so I think all the time you could get into a snowball and never recover, right? So major transitions to planets, major shifts in planets may cause extinctions and be non-recoverable, right?

the dynamicists, the planetary dynamicists will tell you that alternative steady state, having two steady states, one of which is a snowball, is common for planets that likely can harbor life. And so I think all the time you could get into a snowball and never recover, right? So major transitions to planets, major shifts in planets may cause extinctions and be non-recoverable, right?

So that's definitely another possibility that doesn't always get mentioned with the extinctions lead to, uh, innovation and these new radiations and lots of cool new stuff. Extinction sometimes just lead to the end of everything. Um, and that's, that's really important to, to note.

So that's definitely another possibility that doesn't always get mentioned with the extinctions lead to, uh, innovation and these new radiations and lots of cool new stuff. Extinction sometimes just lead to the end of everything. Um, and that's, that's really important to, to note.

Um, and then I think we're already in the midst of just an amazing time for, uh, and I mean, amazing with neither good nor bad, but really in the sense of amazement time for evolutionary transitions. So, um, you know, many of us would say that, uh, Cities represent a new type of organism, a new type of major evolutionary transition.

Um, and then I think we're already in the midst of just an amazing time for, uh, and I mean, amazing with neither good nor bad, but really in the sense of amazement time for evolutionary transitions. So, um, you know, many of us would say that, uh, Cities represent a new type of organism, a new type of major evolutionary transition.