Craig Scroggie

So as we continue to get improvements in CPU and GPU technology, we can produce more information using less energy.

So the first thing to recognize is

compute gets more dense and it produces more information for the same amount of power that it did previously.

And that is going to continue to be true.

It used to be referred to as Moore's law, the price performance doubling of integrated circuits would improve.

And Gordon Moore, who was a co-founder of Intel, wrote that seminal white paper in 1965.

It's been true for 50 plus years.

And now it's referred to as Wang's law, which is the price performance improvement of GPUs and the output.

So power is critically important.

18 to 24 months, that's right, yeah.

Well, the density, the scale of the shift is much higher.

So rather than it doubling every 18 to 24 months, we're seeing density increase by five to 10 times every couple of years.

So yeah, the rate of change is speeding up.

So to complete the question on energy, Alan, data centers do consume energy in order to power the computers, both for cloud computing and to produce tokens for artificial intelligence.

But the efficiency of that is continuing to improve.

And it is important to recognize in our day-to-day lives, you may look at your iPhone or you're on Netflix watching a movie.

You are creating content or consuming content on TikTok.

You're using WorkSystems Office 365.

You're on Amazon doing online shopping.

All of those systems are coming out of a data center.