Daphne Halikiopoulou

they are adopting very clever nationalist narratives that are really able to capture this very, very broad coalition of voters.

I'm an academic, as I said, and so I love to talk with data and with evidence.

And this is just a very, very simple graph that shows what the voters of far-right parties across different European countries look like or what their preferences are.

And the one key thing that I take away from that is that there is a non-immigration route

to far-right voting.

This shows you that one third of far-right voters in Europe don't report immigration concerns at all.

It also shows you that in many countries where voters do have immigration concerns, these are economic.

In other words, these people have become susceptible to narratives that say that immigrants take away jobs, they take away access to the labor market, they take away access to social services.

So what I am arguing is that while focusing on immigration is perhaps one driver of far-right party support, for these parties to gain the percentages that we are seeing now, the 20 percent and the 30 percent and the 40 percent, we need to look way beyond immigration to see the other insecurities that drive them.

And this is my visualization of the successful far-right versus a non-successful far-right.

Voters with cultural concerns, I call them the culturalists, they are definitely going to vote for the far-right, but actually they are a very small part of the electorate.

The voters that allow the parties to extend well beyond their voter base are people I call the materialists, people who have been convinced

that the immigrants take away jobs and access to the labour market, etc.

They are the welfarists.

I've done a lot of research on how social policies actually limit the propensity.

They moderate, they compensate insecure people, thus limiting the propensity to vote for the far right.

They are the distrustful.

We have so much data about people losing trust

in institutions, in political institutions, in social institutions, in the parliament, in the government, in the state to deliver on its social contract obligations.

And the anti-greens.