Derek Thompson

And why don't you just explain which of those policies were?

And why don't you just explain which of those policies were?

I'd love to go just a little bit deeper into this policy shift, because one thing that's interesting to me about the way you describe No Child Left Behind and Every Student Succeeds Act, so No Child Left Behind and ESSA, is that we tend to think about Republicans being interested in states' rights and devolving power to the states.

I'd love to go just a little bit deeper into this policy shift, because one thing that's interesting to me about the way you describe No Child Left Behind and Every Student Succeeds Act, so No Child Left Behind and ESSA, is that we tend to think about Republicans being interested in states' rights and devolving power to the states.

I'd love to go just a little bit deeper into this policy shift, because one thing that's interesting to me about the way you describe No Child Left Behind and Every Student Succeeds Act, so No Child Left Behind and ESSA, is that we tend to think about Republicans being interested in states' rights and devolving power to the states.

And we tend to think about Democrats as always wanting to concentrate power at the federal level. But am I wrong in saying that ESSA seemed to actually return more power to the states? It defanged No Child Left Behind by giving the states more flexibility in terms of using the results of these federal tests or of these student achievement scores. And it was a reaction.

And we tend to think about Democrats as always wanting to concentrate power at the federal level. But am I wrong in saying that ESSA seemed to actually return more power to the states? It defanged No Child Left Behind by giving the states more flexibility in terms of using the results of these federal tests or of these student achievement scores. And it was a reaction.

And we tend to think about Democrats as always wanting to concentrate power at the federal level. But am I wrong in saying that ESSA seemed to actually return more power to the states? It defanged No Child Left Behind by giving the states more flexibility in terms of using the results of these federal tests or of these student achievement scores. And it was a reaction.

to schools who thought that No Child Left Behind was too rigid in its focus, too much of a one-size-fits-all straitjacket. Am I wrong in seeing this education policy shift you're describing as somewhat complicating certain stereotypes about Republican versus Democratic policymaking?

to schools who thought that No Child Left Behind was too rigid in its focus, too much of a one-size-fits-all straitjacket. Am I wrong in seeing this education policy shift you're describing as somewhat complicating certain stereotypes about Republican versus Democratic policymaking?

to schools who thought that No Child Left Behind was too rigid in its focus, too much of a one-size-fits-all straitjacket. Am I wrong in seeing this education policy shift you're describing as somewhat complicating certain stereotypes about Republican versus Democratic policymaking?

Just want to make sure that I have a really granular understanding here of how you think the shift to ESSA might have played a direct role in the decline of literacy scores. What would be the most parsimonious way to draw that connection?

Just want to make sure that I have a really granular understanding here of how you think the shift to ESSA might have played a direct role in the decline of literacy scores. What would be the most parsimonious way to draw that connection?

Just want to make sure that I have a really granular understanding here of how you think the shift to ESSA might have played a direct role in the decline of literacy scores. What would be the most parsimonious way to draw that connection?

All right, and just as long as we're setting the table with possible explanations, we've talked about a shift in national policy. I want to talk about a shift in teaching philosophy. A couple years ago, there was this burst of media attention around the decline of phonics education in America. and a shift toward methods including whole language approaches.

All right, and just as long as we're setting the table with possible explanations, we've talked about a shift in national policy. I want to talk about a shift in teaching philosophy. A couple years ago, there was this burst of media attention around the decline of phonics education in America. and a shift toward methods including whole language approaches.

All right, and just as long as we're setting the table with possible explanations, we've talked about a shift in national policy. I want to talk about a shift in teaching philosophy. A couple years ago, there was this burst of media attention around the decline of phonics education in America. and a shift toward methods including whole language approaches.

That is, a shift away from spelling out or pronouncing words by connecting letters or sounds toward sort of gulping words whole. To what extent do you think young American reading issues can be traced all the way back to this pedagogical change that we've seen, this shift away from phonics-based education?

That is, a shift away from spelling out or pronouncing words by connecting letters or sounds toward sort of gulping words whole. To what extent do you think young American reading issues can be traced all the way back to this pedagogical change that we've seen, this shift away from phonics-based education?

That is, a shift away from spelling out or pronouncing words by connecting letters or sounds toward sort of gulping words whole. To what extent do you think young American reading issues can be traced all the way back to this pedagogical change that we've seen, this shift away from phonics-based education?