Dr. Chris Palmer

It's related to other cell signals. Those cell signals are mostly originating within mitochondria. During the development of any cell, mitochondria... They are like a universe unto themselves, and there's so much we don't know about them.

But what researchers have found is that mitochondria actually line up, literally line up in an organized fashion around the cell nucleus and take on different conformations. And that is somehow sending signals to the genes to result in the expression or the suppression of different genes from the nucleus.

But what researchers have found is that mitochondria actually line up, literally line up in an organized fashion around the cell nucleus and take on different conformations. And that is somehow sending signals to the genes to result in the expression or the suppression of different genes from the nucleus.

But what researchers have found is that mitochondria actually line up, literally line up in an organized fashion around the cell nucleus and take on different conformations. And that is somehow sending signals to the genes to result in the expression or the suppression of different genes from the nucleus.

And that when researchers take these mitochondria and like mess them up or something, the cell doesn't develop normally. You know, they've been implicated in all of the phases of the human stress response to psychological stress. So that includes cortisol release, noradrenaline release, It includes inflammation and it includes epigenetic changes.

And that when researchers take these mitochondria and like mess them up or something, the cell doesn't develop normally. You know, they've been implicated in all of the phases of the human stress response to psychological stress. So that includes cortisol release, noradrenaline release, It includes inflammation and it includes epigenetic changes.

And that when researchers take these mitochondria and like mess them up or something, the cell doesn't develop normally. You know, they've been implicated in all of the phases of the human stress response to psychological stress. So that includes cortisol release, noradrenaline release, It includes inflammation and it includes epigenetic changes.

So those are kind of the four buckets of the human stress response. Cortisol. adrenaline, inflammation, and epigenetic changes. And researchers actually manipulated mitochondrial genes, two genes in the cell nucleus that control for mitochondrial proteins and two genes in mitochondria themselves. And by manipulating these four different genes, one at a time in mice,

So those are kind of the four buckets of the human stress response. Cortisol. adrenaline, inflammation, and epigenetic changes. And researchers actually manipulated mitochondrial genes, two genes in the cell nucleus that control for mitochondrial proteins and two genes in mitochondria themselves. And by manipulating these four different genes, one at a time in mice,

So those are kind of the four buckets of the human stress response. Cortisol. adrenaline, inflammation, and epigenetic changes. And researchers actually manipulated mitochondrial genes, two genes in the cell nucleus that control for mitochondrial proteins and two genes in mitochondria themselves. And by manipulating these four different genes, one at a time in mice,

they could impact all of the four aspects of the stress response. And so what that means is that mitochondria are somehow involved in regulating the human stress response. And so the way that I think about it is that, and the way that many researchers actually think about it now is is that mitochondria, you know, there are hundreds, sometimes thousands of them in our cells, in each of our cells.

they could impact all of the four aspects of the stress response. And so what that means is that mitochondria are somehow involved in regulating the human stress response. And so the way that I think about it is that, and the way that many researchers actually think about it now is is that mitochondria, you know, there are hundreds, sometimes thousands of them in our cells, in each of our cells.

they could impact all of the four aspects of the stress response. And so what that means is that mitochondria are somehow involved in regulating the human stress response. And so the way that I think about it is that, and the way that many researchers actually think about it now is is that mitochondria, you know, there are hundreds, sometimes thousands of them in our cells, in each of our cells.

Most neurons have thousands of mitochondria. The mitochondria are actually moving around. They use the cytoskeleton to move around the cell. They fuse with each other. They It's called mitochondrial dynamics. They like change shape. They do all sorts of things. And again, that impacts all of these signaling processes. But that's just within one little cell.

Most neurons have thousands of mitochondria. The mitochondria are actually moving around. They use the cytoskeleton to move around the cell. They fuse with each other. They It's called mitochondrial dynamics. They like change shape. They do all sorts of things. And again, that impacts all of these signaling processes. But that's just within one little cell.

Most neurons have thousands of mitochondria. The mitochondria are actually moving around. They use the cytoskeleton to move around the cell. They fuse with each other. They It's called mitochondrial dynamics. They like change shape. They do all sorts of things. And again, that impacts all of these signaling processes. But that's just within one little cell.

So you can think of one cell as like almost a village of mitochondria that they're all just doing different things and working together to help that cell function. But in fact, when you think about hormones like cortisol,

So you can think of one cell as like almost a village of mitochondria that they're all just doing different things and working together to help that cell function. But in fact, when you think about hormones like cortisol,

So you can think of one cell as like almost a village of mitochondria that they're all just doing different things and working together to help that cell function. But in fact, when you think about hormones like cortisol,

You can think about it as a way for mitochondria in one cell to produce cortisol, that they can get sent to mitochondria in another cell to make that other cell do something, to either increase its activity or decrease its activity. Some people actually think about human cells as just a network of mitochondria, right?