Dr. Chris Palmer

So creatine is... a molecule that is foundational to energy transformation in cells. So creatine goes into the mitochondria and there it gets combined with ATP to become phosphocreatine. And then it leaves the mitochondrion and goes to places in the cell where energy is needed, like a synapse or a ribosome that's trying to make some new proteins or something else.

So creatine is... a molecule that is foundational to energy transformation in cells. So creatine goes into the mitochondria and there it gets combined with ATP to become phosphocreatine. And then it leaves the mitochondrion and goes to places in the cell where energy is needed, like a synapse or a ribosome that's trying to make some new proteins or something else.

It goes to places in the cell where energy is needed, and it can combine with ADP to be converted back into ATP. So it's basically a phosphate shuttle. Creatine is a phosphate shuttle that is foundational to energy metabolism. It is foundational to mitochondrial function. Our bodies can produce creatine on its own as long as we have the essential vitamins and nutrients that make it up.

It goes to places in the cell where energy is needed, and it can combine with ADP to be converted back into ATP. So it's basically a phosphate shuttle. Creatine is a phosphate shuttle that is foundational to energy metabolism. It is foundational to mitochondrial function. Our bodies can produce creatine on its own as long as we have the essential vitamins and nutrients that make it up.

It goes to places in the cell where energy is needed, and it can combine with ADP to be converted back into ATP. So it's basically a phosphate shuttle. Creatine is a phosphate shuttle that is foundational to energy metabolism. It is foundational to mitochondrial function. Our bodies can produce creatine on its own as long as we have the essential vitamins and nutrients that make it up.

And there are several of those. Or we can consume creatine. Creatine is found only in animal-based products, animal-sourced foods. It is not found in plant-sourced foods. So what we know is that from... Because creatine is found in large quantities in the brain, so we can actually measure it using mass spec kind of scans. And we know that... There's a range.

And there are several of those. Or we can consume creatine. Creatine is found only in animal-based products, animal-sourced foods. It is not found in plant-sourced foods. So what we know is that from... Because creatine is found in large quantities in the brain, so we can actually measure it using mass spec kind of scans. And we know that... There's a range.

And there are several of those. Or we can consume creatine. Creatine is found only in animal-based products, animal-sourced foods. It is not found in plant-sourced foods. So what we know is that from... Because creatine is found in large quantities in the brain, so we can actually measure it using mass spec kind of scans. And we know that... There's a range.

Some people have low levels of creatine and some people have higher levels of creatine. People who consume less animal sourced foods like vegans and vegetarians on average tend to have lower levels of creatine in their brain and muscles and other tissues. People with neuropsychiatric disorders

Some people have low levels of creatine and some people have higher levels of creatine. People who consume less animal sourced foods like vegans and vegetarians on average tend to have lower levels of creatine in their brain and muscles and other tissues. People with neuropsychiatric disorders

Some people have low levels of creatine and some people have higher levels of creatine. People who consume less animal sourced foods like vegans and vegetarians on average tend to have lower levels of creatine in their brain and muscles and other tissues. People with neuropsychiatric disorders

schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, depression, have been found to have lower levels of creatine than people who do not have those disorders. So we have reason to believe that creatine from studies like that, that there is an association, meaning a correlation between low levels of creatine and brain disorders that we call neurological or psychiatric disorders.

schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, depression, have been found to have lower levels of creatine than people who do not have those disorders. So we have reason to believe that creatine from studies like that, that there is an association, meaning a correlation between low levels of creatine and brain disorders that we call neurological or psychiatric disorders.

schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, depression, have been found to have lower levels of creatine than people who do not have those disorders. So we have reason to believe that creatine from studies like that, that there is an association, meaning a correlation between low levels of creatine and brain disorders that we call neurological or psychiatric disorders.

So the next question, logical question from a scientist should be, Well, if we supplement with creatine, can that improve symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders? And we do have evidence to support that. Not huge, randomized, controlled trials in tens of thousands of people, because, again, that would require government funding, because creatine is off-patent.

So the next question, logical question from a scientist should be, Well, if we supplement with creatine, can that improve symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders? And we do have evidence to support that. Not huge, randomized, controlled trials in tens of thousands of people, because, again, that would require government funding, because creatine is off-patent.

So the next question, logical question from a scientist should be, Well, if we supplement with creatine, can that improve symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders? And we do have evidence to support that. Not huge, randomized, controlled trials in tens of thousands of people, because, again, that would require government funding, because creatine is off-patent.

Nobody's going to make a lot of money from doing a creatine study because... Anybody can sell creatine. Anybody can make it and market it. It's off patent. But we do have randomized controlled trial data with creatine showing that it can improve symptoms of major depression. It can augment antidepressants. It can improve symptoms of bipolar disorder.

Nobody's going to make a lot of money from doing a creatine study because... Anybody can sell creatine. Anybody can make it and market it. It's off patent. But we do have randomized controlled trial data with creatine showing that it can improve symptoms of major depression. It can augment antidepressants. It can improve symptoms of bipolar disorder.

Nobody's going to make a lot of money from doing a creatine study because... Anybody can sell creatine. Anybody can make it and market it. It's off patent. But we do have randomized controlled trial data with creatine showing that it can improve symptoms of major depression. It can augment antidepressants. It can improve symptoms of bipolar disorder.