Dr. Christopher Gardner

And as a whole, the inflammatory markers didn't change.

But so part of that was fascinating. Because what they did is they said, oh, God, this is all that mouse study stuff. We thought the fiber was going to be the only one who won. Christopher, we were only humoring you that the fermented foods would have an impact. We thought it was going to be all fiber. Now we got to, God, we are scratching our heads here. Let's see what we can figure out.

But so part of that was fascinating. Because what they did is they said, oh, God, this is all that mouse study stuff. We thought the fiber was going to be the only one who won. Christopher, we were only humoring you that the fermented foods would have an impact. We thought it was going to be all fiber. Now we got to, God, we are scratching our heads here. Let's see what we can figure out.

But so part of that was fascinating. Because what they did is they said, oh, God, this is all that mouse study stuff. We thought the fiber was going to be the only one who won. Christopher, we were only humoring you that the fermented foods would have an impact. We thought it was going to be all fiber. Now we got to, God, we are scratching our heads here. Let's see what we can figure out.

And they actually separated the 18 people into roughly three groups of six. And they said, let's look at the data in a little more detail. And let's see if we can see anything. Like there's a range of response in the inflammatory markers. Some got worse, but some did get better. That's why you do multiple people. You see if it cancels out in the study. We wanted to see the average difference.

And they actually separated the 18 people into roughly three groups of six. And they said, let's look at the data in a little more detail. And let's see if we can see anything. Like there's a range of response in the inflammatory markers. Some got worse, but some did get better. That's why you do multiple people. You see if it cancels out in the study. We wanted to see the average difference.

And they actually separated the 18 people into roughly three groups of six. And they said, let's look at the data in a little more detail. And let's see if we can see anything. Like there's a range of response in the inflammatory markers. Some got worse, but some did get better. That's why you do multiple people. You see if it cancels out in the study. We wanted to see the average difference.

But they looked at what might be predictors of those differences. And the key factor that came out was the baseline microbial diversity. And so the idea here was that people who had low diversity, like a compromised Western diet, depleted diversity, when they stuffed all that fiber down their gullet, they actually had an adverse reaction to it. It's like fire hose of fiber.

But they looked at what might be predictors of those differences. And the key factor that came out was the baseline microbial diversity. And so the idea here was that people who had low diversity, like a compromised Western diet, depleted diversity, when they stuffed all that fiber down their gullet, they actually had an adverse reaction to it. It's like fire hose of fiber.

But they looked at what might be predictors of those differences. And the key factor that came out was the baseline microbial diversity. And so the idea here was that people who had low diversity, like a compromised Western diet, depleted diversity, when they stuffed all that fiber down their gullet, they actually had an adverse reaction to it. It's like fire hose of fiber.

can't handle this, going to actually have more of an inflammatory response to that, not less. But the people with the highest microbial diversity at baseline were more like the fermented food folks, and they had a benefit. And so this is where I thought they were brilliant in writing this paper,

can't handle this, going to actually have more of an inflammatory response to that, not less. But the people with the highest microbial diversity at baseline were more like the fermented food folks, and they had a benefit. And so this is where I thought they were brilliant in writing this paper,

can't handle this, going to actually have more of an inflammatory response to that, not less. But the people with the highest microbial diversity at baseline were more like the fermented food folks, and they had a benefit. And so this is where I thought they were brilliant in writing this paper,

is that what they said was sort of from a general population standpoint, fermented foods are good, like no matter whether they're eating the yogurt or the kimchi or the sauerkraut, because not everybody ate the same proportions of the different things. It's like across the whole group, the benefits were clear. The fiber was much more nuanced, and this is more like a personalized nutrition thing.

is that what they said was sort of from a general population standpoint, fermented foods are good, like no matter whether they're eating the yogurt or the kimchi or the sauerkraut, because not everybody ate the same proportions of the different things. It's like across the whole group, the benefits were clear. The fiber was much more nuanced, and this is more like a personalized nutrition thing.

is that what they said was sort of from a general population standpoint, fermented foods are good, like no matter whether they're eating the yogurt or the kimchi or the sauerkraut, because not everybody ate the same proportions of the different things. It's like across the whole group, the benefits were clear. The fiber was much more nuanced, and this is more like a personalized nutrition thing.

So one was a general health recommendation. And one was, if you're going to go for more fiber, you might need to make sure your microbial diversity is up first. That might be part of what we have to figure out. Or warn the people with a compromised or depleted microbial diversity that you won't do well right now with more microbes. Super fun paper to work on.

So one was a general health recommendation. And one was, if you're going to go for more fiber, you might need to make sure your microbial diversity is up first. That might be part of what we have to figure out. Or warn the people with a compromised or depleted microbial diversity that you won't do well right now with more microbes. Super fun paper to work on.

So one was a general health recommendation. And one was, if you're going to go for more fiber, you might need to make sure your microbial diversity is up first. That might be part of what we have to figure out. Or warn the people with a compromised or depleted microbial diversity that you won't do well right now with more microbes. Super fun paper to work on.

A geeky science thing, because I know you're a data science guy. It's fun. The primary outcome for that study was the cytokine response score. So in the world of inflammation, nobody has a single thing that they all like, not C-reactive protein, not interleukin-6, not trimethylamine oxide.