Dr. David Gwynn

The person who actually solves the problem is Constantine, because Constantine does have access to gold and silver that the Tetrarchs didn't. That's because there's no way that the Tetrarchs, who were devout pagan emperors, would touch pagan temples. Constantine will.

The person who actually solves the problem is Constantine, because Constantine does have access to gold and silver that the Tetrarchs didn't. That's because there's no way that the Tetrarchs, who were devout pagan emperors, would touch pagan temples. Constantine will.

There are gold and silver statues of the ancient gods and goddesses, and we don't have them today because most of them get plundered. But Constantine uses that source of gold and silver and uses it to create a new gold coin Interestingly, you can do a chemical analysis on gold and silver coins to try and work out where the gold may have been originally mined.

There are gold and silver statues of the ancient gods and goddesses, and we don't have them today because most of them get plundered. But Constantine uses that source of gold and silver and uses it to create a new gold coin Interestingly, you can do a chemical analysis on gold and silver coins to try and work out where the gold may have been originally mined.

There are gold and silver statues of the ancient gods and goddesses, and we don't have them today because most of them get plundered. But Constantine uses that source of gold and silver and uses it to create a new gold coin Interestingly, you can do a chemical analysis on gold and silver coins to try and work out where the gold may have been originally mined.

A number of Constantine's coins and the coins of his successors, the gold seems to have come from the northern Aegean. These are Hellenistic temple treasures. They're the ones that Philip and Alexander, that's where they got their gold from. So these are Hellenistic statues of gods and goddesses being reused for coinage.

A number of Constantine's coins and the coins of his successors, the gold seems to have come from the northern Aegean. These are Hellenistic temple treasures. They're the ones that Philip and Alexander, that's where they got their gold from. So these are Hellenistic statues of gods and goddesses being reused for coinage.

A number of Constantine's coins and the coins of his successors, the gold seems to have come from the northern Aegean. These are Hellenistic temple treasures. They're the ones that Philip and Alexander, that's where they got their gold from. So these are Hellenistic statues of gods and goddesses being reused for coinage.

But the result is Constantine stabilizes the gold coinage, the solidus, the solid bit. is simply the name for the gold coin. It will remain basically at the same rough level of gold and the rough weight unchanged for centuries to come. So the gold coinage is actually basically stabilized in the fourth century.

But the result is Constantine stabilizes the gold coinage, the solidus, the solid bit. is simply the name for the gold coin. It will remain basically at the same rough level of gold and the rough weight unchanged for centuries to come. So the gold coinage is actually basically stabilized in the fourth century.

But the result is Constantine stabilizes the gold coinage, the solidus, the solid bit. is simply the name for the gold coin. It will remain basically at the same rough level of gold and the rough weight unchanged for centuries to come. So the gold coinage is actually basically stabilized in the fourth century.

It's true, actually, of the Roman Empire right through its history. When everything's working as smoothly as they can manage, it's a relatively stable structure with major inbuilt inequalities. But it's not designed to cope with shock. They don't have those reserves in place. And if the shock comes, the fracture lines can all open up.

It's true, actually, of the Roman Empire right through its history. When everything's working as smoothly as they can manage, it's a relatively stable structure with major inbuilt inequalities. But it's not designed to cope with shock. They don't have those reserves in place. And if the shock comes, the fracture lines can all open up.

It's true, actually, of the Roman Empire right through its history. When everything's working as smoothly as they can manage, it's a relatively stable structure with major inbuilt inequalities. But it's not designed to cope with shock. They don't have those reserves in place. And if the shock comes, the fracture lines can all open up.

The Eastern Empire, of course, in the fifth century, is going to solve a lot of its problems by minting lots of gold coins and paying them off. So Attila the Hun gets 6,000 pounds of gold in one go. And yet the East could afford to do that. Whereas in the West, as the economic structures break down, you can't pay the army, you can't pay off enemies.

The Eastern Empire, of course, in the fifth century, is going to solve a lot of its problems by minting lots of gold coins and paying them off. So Attila the Hun gets 6,000 pounds of gold in one go. And yet the East could afford to do that. Whereas in the West, as the economic structures break down, you can't pay the army, you can't pay off enemies.

The Eastern Empire, of course, in the fifth century, is going to solve a lot of its problems by minting lots of gold coins and paying them off. So Attila the Hun gets 6,000 pounds of gold in one go. And yet the East could afford to do that. Whereas in the West, as the economic structures break down, you can't pay the army, you can't pay off enemies.

So all these different elements, they'll cope as long as things are relatively stable, as they are by the end of Constantine's reign. They can just about cope with the disruption caused by Julian's disaster, although it forced a reallocation of resources to the Persian frontier that weakened the others. but they are vulnerable if the shock comes.

So all these different elements, they'll cope as long as things are relatively stable, as they are by the end of Constantine's reign. They can just about cope with the disruption caused by Julian's disaster, although it forced a reallocation of resources to the Persian frontier that weakened the others. but they are vulnerable if the shock comes.

So all these different elements, they'll cope as long as things are relatively stable, as they are by the end of Constantine's reign. They can just about cope with the disruption caused by Julian's disaster, although it forced a reallocation of resources to the Persian frontier that weakened the others. but they are vulnerable if the shock comes.