Dr. Karolina Westlund

They were bred to exterminate small rodents and stuff.

They were bred to exterminate small rodents and stuff.

So we systematically intentionally bred for that like a couple hundred years ago. And then we have the ones that don't show much of the predatory sequence at all, that simply mostly just eat, which are the, what do you call them, the ones that help livestock guardians. They still like the sniffing.

So we systematically intentionally bred for that like a couple hundred years ago. And then we have the ones that don't show much of the predatory sequence at all, that simply mostly just eat, which are the, what do you call them, the ones that help livestock guardians. They still like the sniffing.

So we systematically intentionally bred for that like a couple hundred years ago. And then we have the ones that don't show much of the predatory sequence at all, that simply mostly just eat, which are the, what do you call them, the ones that help livestock guardians. They still like the sniffing.

So they tend to retain the sniffing part and then specific breeds will have one or perhaps a few of the behaviors from the hunting sequence. So I think if we want to offer dogs a good life, we should understand where they are on that scale. And also that the working dogs come sort of with this evolutionary backpack, their genetic backpack will encourage them to really want to do that work.

So they tend to retain the sniffing part and then specific breeds will have one or perhaps a few of the behaviors from the hunting sequence. So I think if we want to offer dogs a good life, we should understand where they are on that scale. And also that the working dogs come sort of with this evolutionary backpack, their genetic backpack will encourage them to really want to do that work.

So they tend to retain the sniffing part and then specific breeds will have one or perhaps a few of the behaviors from the hunting sequence. So I think if we want to offer dogs a good life, we should understand where they are on that scale. And also that the working dogs come sort of with this evolutionary backpack, their genetic backpack will encourage them to really want to do that work.

And then we have also the sort of, I think they're sometimes referred to as toy breeds, the ones that are lap dogs who are not that interested in any of that working dog behavior. So I think it's, we need to, with regards to the different breeds, we need to really understand what purpose they were bred for, I think.

And then we have also the sort of, I think they're sometimes referred to as toy breeds, the ones that are lap dogs who are not that interested in any of that working dog behavior. So I think it's, we need to, with regards to the different breeds, we need to really understand what purpose they were bred for, I think.

And then we have also the sort of, I think they're sometimes referred to as toy breeds, the ones that are lap dogs who are not that interested in any of that working dog behavior. So I think it's, we need to, with regards to the different breeds, we need to really understand what purpose they were bred for, I think.

So his pain tolerance was quite high.

So his pain tolerance was quite high.

So his pain tolerance was quite high.

Great question. Yeah, so in order to feel calm and safe – I think perhaps we should go to the core effect space, which I think is one of the three emotional models that I find very, very useful in understanding and providing a good environment for animals so that they can thrive, really.

Great question. Yeah, so in order to feel calm and safe – I think perhaps we should go to the core effect space, which I think is one of the three emotional models that I find very, very useful in understanding and providing a good environment for animals so that they can thrive, really.

Great question. Yeah, so in order to feel calm and safe – I think perhaps we should go to the core effect space, which I think is one of the three emotional models that I find very, very useful in understanding and providing a good environment for animals so that they can thrive, really.

So the core effect space is one way of depicting or conceptualizing emotions where we have like valence on the x-axis. So how pleasant or unpleasant something is. And we have arousal on the y-axis. So what you're asking is how can we...

So the core effect space is one way of depicting or conceptualizing emotions where we have like valence on the x-axis. So how pleasant or unpleasant something is. And we have arousal on the y-axis. So what you're asking is how can we...

So the core effect space is one way of depicting or conceptualizing emotions where we have like valence on the x-axis. So how pleasant or unpleasant something is. And we have arousal on the y-axis. So what you're asking is how can we...