Dr. Kevin MacDonald

There is some argument that you could go straight to iron, but nobody's ever really been very happy with that. It would require a lot of coincidences.

There is some argument that you could go straight to iron, but nobody's ever really been very happy with that. It would require a lot of coincidences.

There is some argument that you could go straight to iron, but nobody's ever really been very happy with that. It would require a lot of coincidences.

So we might not see it in my lifetime, but personally, I believe we will eventually find that there is a copper age in Mauritania and that this leads to an indigenous creation of iron technology in Africa, probably in the area of Mauritania, Senegal, something like that. That's my own. I'm putting it out there. A lot of people might disagree, but that's my instinct.

So we might not see it in my lifetime, but personally, I believe we will eventually find that there is a copper age in Mauritania and that this leads to an indigenous creation of iron technology in Africa, probably in the area of Mauritania, Senegal, something like that. That's my own. I'm putting it out there. A lot of people might disagree, but that's my instinct.

So we might not see it in my lifetime, but personally, I believe we will eventually find that there is a copper age in Mauritania and that this leads to an indigenous creation of iron technology in Africa, probably in the area of Mauritania, Senegal, something like that. That's my own. I'm putting it out there. A lot of people might disagree, but that's my instinct.

We can see in about 50 years time if I'm right or not. If this recording is preserved, we shall see. That is my prediction. This is definitely early. It's not quite old enough to be the point of the creation of this technology, but it's very early. And so we know that they're making both absolutely critical tools like Axis,

We can see in about 50 years time if I'm right or not. If this recording is preserved, we shall see. That is my prediction. This is definitely early. It's not quite old enough to be the point of the creation of this technology, but it's very early. And so we know that they're making both absolutely critical tools like Axis,

We can see in about 50 years time if I'm right or not. If this recording is preserved, we shall see. That is my prediction. This is definitely early. It's not quite old enough to be the point of the creation of this technology, but it's very early. And so we know that they're making both absolutely critical tools like Axis,

So for forest clearance, for working wood and everything, so axes and adzes are being made out of iron, but also bits of personal endowment. So iron rings, whether bracelets and necklaces, are being made also. So it's both functional and prestige-oriented at the same time. And the sorts of furnaces are distinctive. They're what we would call low furnaces and they're bellows driven.

So for forest clearance, for working wood and everything, so axes and adzes are being made out of iron, but also bits of personal endowment. So iron rings, whether bracelets and necklaces, are being made also. So it's both functional and prestige-oriented at the same time. And the sorts of furnaces are distinctive. They're what we would call low furnaces and they're bellows driven.

So for forest clearance, for working wood and everything, so axes and adzes are being made out of iron, but also bits of personal endowment. So iron rings, whether bracelets and necklaces, are being made also. So it's both functional and prestige-oriented at the same time. And the sorts of furnaces are distinctive. They're what we would call low furnaces and they're bellows driven.

So, you know, with the bags on the pipes, which are called tuyères, which are being used to control the process. and the atmosphere inside the chamber and so forth. And a good number of intact furnace spaces have been found. So these are relatively small diameter furnaces, maybe a meter, meter 20 in diameter, anywhere from 80 centimeters to a meter 20.

So, you know, with the bags on the pipes, which are called tuyères, which are being used to control the process. and the atmosphere inside the chamber and so forth. And a good number of intact furnace spaces have been found. So these are relatively small diameter furnaces, maybe a meter, meter 20 in diameter, anywhere from 80 centimeters to a meter 20.

So, you know, with the bags on the pipes, which are called tuyères, which are being used to control the process. and the atmosphere inside the chamber and so forth. And a good number of intact furnace spaces have been found. So these are relatively small diameter furnaces, maybe a meter, meter 20 in diameter, anywhere from 80 centimeters to a meter 20.

And as is often the case with such furnaces, you have sometimes dedicatory offerings, which are beneath the furnace. And then when you close the furnace, you also do something. Close the furnace. Sometimes you might find a pot. I'm not talking so much about knock. It's more broadly than Africa. You might find a pot or you might have certain medicines buried beneath.

And as is often the case with such furnaces, you have sometimes dedicatory offerings, which are beneath the furnace. And then when you close the furnace, you also do something. Close the furnace. Sometimes you might find a pot. I'm not talking so much about knock. It's more broadly than Africa. You might find a pot or you might have certain medicines buried beneath.

And as is often the case with such furnaces, you have sometimes dedicatory offerings, which are beneath the furnace. And then when you close the furnace, you also do something. Close the furnace. Sometimes you might find a pot. I'm not talking so much about knock. It's more broadly than Africa. You might find a pot or you might have certain medicines buried beneath.

But the making of iron is a sacred process. It's an ideological process. It's giving birth to something which was not there before. And so in a sense, smiths are almost like sorcerers. And also, therefore, that makes it to me all the more probable that the Smiths are also linked to the making of these statues.

But the making of iron is a sacred process. It's an ideological process. It's giving birth to something which was not there before. And so in a sense, smiths are almost like sorcerers. And also, therefore, that makes it to me all the more probable that the Smiths are also linked to the making of these statues.