Dr. Kevin MacDonald

So you have cattle which are sort of just about waist height. Wow. And the sort of sheep and goats which you find in petting zoos and things like that, the really dinky ones, those are also coming out of this sort of dwarfing due to adaptation to various disease vectors, to be able to survive these disease vectors. And so probably you had this sort of livestock.

So you have cattle which are sort of just about waist height. Wow. And the sort of sheep and goats which you find in petting zoos and things like that, the really dinky ones, those are also coming out of this sort of dwarfing due to adaptation to various disease vectors, to be able to survive these disease vectors. And so probably you had this sort of livestock.

So you have cattle which are sort of just about waist height. Wow. And the sort of sheep and goats which you find in petting zoos and things like that, the really dinky ones, those are also coming out of this sort of dwarfing due to adaptation to various disease vectors, to be able to survive these disease vectors. And so probably you had this sort of livestock.

Certainly you had, they would have been hunting whatever game was available. But yes, we're looking at small farming communities, but which are doing very advanced things for their time. Real artistic pioneers in Africa and also potentially pyrotechnological or metallurgical pioneers as well.

Certainly you had, they would have been hunting whatever game was available. But yes, we're looking at small farming communities, but which are doing very advanced things for their time. Real artistic pioneers in Africa and also potentially pyrotechnological or metallurgical pioneers as well.

Certainly you had, they would have been hunting whatever game was available. But yes, we're looking at small farming communities, but which are doing very advanced things for their time. Real artistic pioneers in Africa and also potentially pyrotechnological or metallurgical pioneers as well.

What you have, and this is often the case in this time period in various parts of West Africa, is you have the chance encounter of buildings with fire. So whether from hearths or whether from actual full-scale conflagrations, you have the fact that buildings get burnt and you have some very clear burnt walls wattle and daub remains.

What you have, and this is often the case in this time period in various parts of West Africa, is you have the chance encounter of buildings with fire. So whether from hearths or whether from actual full-scale conflagrations, you have the fact that buildings get burnt and you have some very clear burnt walls wattle and daub remains.

What you have, and this is often the case in this time period in various parts of West Africa, is you have the chance encounter of buildings with fire. So whether from hearths or whether from actual full-scale conflagrations, you have the fact that buildings get burnt and you have some very clear burnt walls wattle and daub remains.

So in other words, clay fragments which have stick marks in them or pole marks on them, which give us a clear idea that you have sort of the latticework of some sort of wood being overlaid with a mud plaster. There are also some remains of stone foundations for structures at some sites where stone was more readily available.

So in other words, clay fragments which have stick marks in them or pole marks on them, which give us a clear idea that you have sort of the latticework of some sort of wood being overlaid with a mud plaster. There are also some remains of stone foundations for structures at some sites where stone was more readily available.

So in other words, clay fragments which have stick marks in them or pole marks on them, which give us a clear idea that you have sort of the latticework of some sort of wood being overlaid with a mud plaster. There are also some remains of stone foundations for structures at some sites where stone was more readily available.

So you're probably looking at circular structures, maybe even conical sort of structures, but effectively wooden earthen structures. And of course, there would be many of these in any given settlement.

So you're probably looking at circular structures, maybe even conical sort of structures, but effectively wooden earthen structures. And of course, there would be many of these in any given settlement.

So you're probably looking at circular structures, maybe even conical sort of structures, but effectively wooden earthen structures. And of course, there would be many of these in any given settlement.

Yes, clay was the thing. But again, there have been some very interesting studies done. on all of the clay from the pottery and these statues at the NOC sites. And what's been found is that the clay which is being used for pottery is very diverse, that every settlement was obviously making pottery from clay sources which were near to them.

Yes, clay was the thing. But again, there have been some very interesting studies done. on all of the clay from the pottery and these statues at the NOC sites. And what's been found is that the clay which is being used for pottery is very diverse, that every settlement was obviously making pottery from clay sources which were near to them.

Yes, clay was the thing. But again, there have been some very interesting studies done. on all of the clay from the pottery and these statues at the NOC sites. And what's been found is that the clay which is being used for pottery is very diverse, that every settlement was obviously making pottery from clay sources which were near to them.

And so there's every evidence that pottery is a very localized production. However, very interestingly, the statues or statuettes of Knock seem to have made very similar clays, which would imply a more standardized production for them or a more centralized production for them across this rather vast landscape.

And so there's every evidence that pottery is a very localized production. However, very interestingly, the statues or statuettes of Knock seem to have made very similar clays, which would imply a more standardized production for them or a more centralized production for them across this rather vast landscape.