Dr. Layne Norton

But side note, if you want to know how easy it is to manipulate people with scientific research, I was reading a meta-analysis of adenocarcinoma incidents with smoking, right? And when you look at a meta-analysis, usually they'll include a force plot, which is going to show, you know, right of the line is this, left of the line is this.

But side note, if you want to know how easy it is to manipulate people with scientific research, I was reading a meta-analysis of adenocarcinoma incidents with smoking, right? And when you look at a meta-analysis, usually they'll include a force plot, which is going to show, you know, right of the line is this, left of the line is this.

And, you know, so in this meta-analysis, right of the line is increased risk. Left of the line, decreased risk with smoking. There's like 50 studies in this meta. 48 of them are very far to the right, right? Like, and the overall effect was like, I think like a... I want to say over a 400% risk increase, relative risk increase in the risk of... So for people who don't do science...

And, you know, so in this meta-analysis, right of the line is increased risk. Left of the line, decreased risk with smoking. There's like 50 studies in this meta. 48 of them are very far to the right, right? Like, and the overall effect was like, I think like a... I want to say over a 400% risk increase, relative risk increase in the risk of... So for people who don't do science...

And, you know, so in this meta-analysis, right of the line is increased risk. Left of the line, decreased risk with smoking. There's like 50 studies in this meta. 48 of them are very far to the right, right? Like, and the overall effect was like, I think like a... I want to say over a 400% risk increase, relative risk increase in the risk of... So for people who don't do science...

Like when you hear things in the media like, okay, let's increase your risk of cancer like 20%, they're referring to relative risk.

Like when you hear things in the media like, okay, let's increase your risk of cancer like 20%, they're referring to relative risk.

Like when you hear things in the media like, okay, let's increase your risk of cancer like 20%, they're referring to relative risk.

So let me just explain that real quick. So relative risk, let's say your absolute risk of something occurring over a period of time is 5%. A relative risk increase of 20% doesn't mean it goes to 25%. It means it goes from 5% to 6%. Because 20% of 5% is 1%, so you add it to 5%, you get 6%. Doesn't sound nearly as scary that way. Right.

So let me just explain that real quick. So relative risk, let's say your absolute risk of something occurring over a period of time is 5%. A relative risk increase of 20% doesn't mean it goes to 25%. It means it goes from 5% to 6%. Because 20% of 5% is 1%, so you add it to 5%, you get 6%. Doesn't sound nearly as scary that way. Right.

So let me just explain that real quick. So relative risk, let's say your absolute risk of something occurring over a period of time is 5%. A relative risk increase of 20% doesn't mean it goes to 25%. It means it goes from 5% to 6%. Because 20% of 5% is 1%, so you add it to 5%, you get 6%. Doesn't sound nearly as scary that way. Right.

Right, right, right.

Right, right, right.

Right, right, right.

So 400% is massive. It is massive.

So 400% is massive. It is massive.

So 400% is massive. It is massive.

But two of those studies... were to the left of the line. Now, I could pick out those two studies and be like, oh, look, smoking decreases risk. And then I could couple it with, and this is actually very consistent literature, Smoking decreases the risk of Parkinson's. It's very consistent in the literature. Now, it's probably from the nicotine is my guess. Correct.

But two of those studies... were to the left of the line. Now, I could pick out those two studies and be like, oh, look, smoking decreases risk. And then I could couple it with, and this is actually very consistent literature, Smoking decreases the risk of Parkinson's. It's very consistent in the literature. Now, it's probably from the nicotine is my guess. Correct.

But two of those studies... were to the left of the line. Now, I could pick out those two studies and be like, oh, look, smoking decreases risk. And then I could couple it with, and this is actually very consistent literature, Smoking decreases the risk of Parkinson's. It's very consistent in the literature. Now, it's probably from the nicotine is my guess. Correct.