Dr. Tim Spector

Yeah, probiotics are always difficult because clinical trials show that it can work in certain disease situations. They've never shown they can prevent anything. So taking them as a sort of preventive has never been shown to be much good, but it's clear that they do work in many clinical situations. And, for example, in depression,

Yeah, probiotics are always difficult because clinical trials show that it can work in certain disease situations. They've never shown they can prevent anything. So taking them as a sort of preventive has never been shown to be much good, but it's clear that they do work in many clinical situations. And, for example, in depression,

Quite a few studies have shown they can have effects that are nearly as good as antidepressants, sometimes more. But so can a gut-friendly diet. So I think we should be, first of all, always thinking of what can I do through diet alone?

Quite a few studies have shown they can have effects that are nearly as good as antidepressants, sometimes more. But so can a gut-friendly diet. So I think we should be, first of all, always thinking of what can I do through diet alone?

Quite a few studies have shown they can have effects that are nearly as good as antidepressants, sometimes more. But so can a gut-friendly diet. So I think we should be, first of all, always thinking of what can I do through diet alone?

And whether that probiotic should be given as part of a kimchi prescription and a kombucha one, where you're getting 20, 30 different types of microbe, as opposed to trying to select one of those probiotic ones, which may or may not suit the individual, because we have... incredibly different gut microbiomes. So we only share about 20% of our microbes with each other.

And whether that probiotic should be given as part of a kimchi prescription and a kombucha one, where you're getting 20, 30 different types of microbe, as opposed to trying to select one of those probiotic ones, which may or may not suit the individual, because we have... incredibly different gut microbiomes. So we only share about 20% of our microbes with each other.

And whether that probiotic should be given as part of a kimchi prescription and a kombucha one, where you're getting 20, 30 different types of microbe, as opposed to trying to select one of those probiotic ones, which may or may not suit the individual, because we have... incredibly different gut microbiomes. So we only share about 20% of our microbes with each other.

So picking off and off the shelf probiotic with say two or three strains is not gonna work for everybody. So until we start out, really get to grips with personalizing this, I think, I personally prefer using fermented food as my medicine rather than these probiotics. But it's an evolving field. I think the industry is getting better and they're starting to do proper studies in that area.

So picking off and off the shelf probiotic with say two or three strains is not gonna work for everybody. So until we start out, really get to grips with personalizing this, I think, I personally prefer using fermented food as my medicine rather than these probiotics. But it's an evolving field. I think the industry is getting better and they're starting to do proper studies in that area.

So picking off and off the shelf probiotic with say two or three strains is not gonna work for everybody. So until we start out, really get to grips with personalizing this, I think, I personally prefer using fermented food as my medicine rather than these probiotics. But it's an evolving field. I think the industry is getting better and they're starting to do proper studies in that area.

So once something comes on that's amazing, I'm happy to embrace it because I think we might need all the tools we've got in order to treat some of these problems. Mm-hmm.

So once something comes on that's amazing, I'm happy to embrace it because I think we might need all the tools we've got in order to treat some of these problems. Mm-hmm.

So once something comes on that's amazing, I'm happy to embrace it because I think we might need all the tools we've got in order to treat some of these problems. Mm-hmm.

Autoimmune thyroid disease is one of the commonest autoimmune diseases. And I used to be a rheumatologist, so I used to see a lot of crossover of people who had thyroid antibodies and then would present, say, with rheumatoid arthritis or something else. So it increases your predisposition, and it is predominantly in females. But it's the whole family of disease.

Autoimmune thyroid disease is one of the commonest autoimmune diseases. And I used to be a rheumatologist, so I used to see a lot of crossover of people who had thyroid antibodies and then would present, say, with rheumatoid arthritis or something else. So it increases your predisposition, and it is predominantly in females. But it's the whole family of disease.

Autoimmune thyroid disease is one of the commonest autoimmune diseases. And I used to be a rheumatologist, so I used to see a lot of crossover of people who had thyroid antibodies and then would present, say, with rheumatoid arthritis or something else. So it increases your predisposition, and it is predominantly in females. But it's the whole family of disease.

I don't see them as very different. There's some reason that it turns into some people have a gut colitis, others arthritis, others it attacks the thyroid. But in all of them, there is a gut connection. And that is because most of the immune system, 70% of the immune cells are in the gut. And clearly, they are getting some abnormal signals from the gut microbiome or

I don't see them as very different. There's some reason that it turns into some people have a gut colitis, others arthritis, others it attacks the thyroid. But in all of them, there is a gut connection. And that is because most of the immune system, 70% of the immune cells are in the gut. And clearly, they are getting some abnormal signals from the gut microbiome or

I don't see them as very different. There's some reason that it turns into some people have a gut colitis, others arthritis, others it attacks the thyroid. But in all of them, there is a gut connection. And that is because most of the immune system, 70% of the immune cells are in the gut. And clearly, they are getting some abnormal signals from the gut microbiome or