Dr. Victor Carrión

And we were having some research in adults around that time in terms of cortisol levels. David Spiegel, who you've had here, Rachel Yehuda, the Bronx VA, looking at PTSD in adults. But I said, but how does PTSD look early on? What's happening in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis that is responsible for secreting cortisol and regulate cortisol when these children are young?

And we were having some research in adults around that time in terms of cortisol levels. David Spiegel, who you've had here, Rachel Yehuda, the Bronx VA, looking at PTSD in adults. But I said, but how does PTSD look early on? What's happening in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis that is responsible for secreting cortisol and regulate cortisol when these children are young?

Because this is a new axis, you know, is it already not working or is it working right? And so, we did a number of studies that demonstrated that the normal circadian rhythmicity of cortisol was there. It was higher early in the morning, which we need to jump out of bed, and as the day progresses, it decreases.

Because this is a new axis, you know, is it already not working or is it working right? And so, we did a number of studies that demonstrated that the normal circadian rhythmicity of cortisol was there. It was higher early in the morning, which we need to jump out of bed, and as the day progresses, it decreases.

Because this is a new axis, you know, is it already not working or is it working right? And so, we did a number of studies that demonstrated that the normal circadian rhythmicity of cortisol was there. It was higher early in the morning, which we need to jump out of bed, and as the day progresses, it decreases.

Very helpful, it goes up when we are stressed, like when we have lunch, after we have lunch, cortisol goes up, right, so that we can help manage the insult of digestion or whatever. And these kids were having those levels, but something was happening in a number of studies, and we noted that the pre-bedtime level was higher.

Very helpful, it goes up when we are stressed, like when we have lunch, after we have lunch, cortisol goes up, right, so that we can help manage the insult of digestion or whatever. And these kids were having those levels, but something was happening in a number of studies, and we noted that the pre-bedtime level was higher.

Very helpful, it goes up when we are stressed, like when we have lunch, after we have lunch, cortisol goes up, right, so that we can help manage the insult of digestion or whatever. And these kids were having those levels, but something was happening in a number of studies, and we noted that the pre-bedtime level was higher.

We were measuring it at different times, in the morning, pre-breakfast, pre-lunch, pre-dinner, pre-bedtime. But it was the pre-bedtime level. that wouldn't come as low as the healthy controls. It would remain high. And this was also important clinically because many of the symptoms these kids were having were happening at night.

We were measuring it at different times, in the morning, pre-breakfast, pre-lunch, pre-dinner, pre-bedtime. But it was the pre-bedtime level. that wouldn't come as low as the healthy controls. It would remain high. And this was also important clinically because many of the symptoms these kids were having were happening at night.

We were measuring it at different times, in the morning, pre-breakfast, pre-lunch, pre-dinner, pre-bedtime. But it was the pre-bedtime level. that wouldn't come as low as the healthy controls. It would remain high. And this was also important clinically because many of the symptoms these kids were having were happening at night.

Aneurysis, bed wetting, nightmares, not sleeping deep enough, not sleeping long enough, fears. At that point, I felt, well, we don't know anything other than the cortisol-free bedtime is elevated, right? Maybe they need it to be. Who knows? But I was concerned about the work by Sapolsky, right, and Bruce McEwen, his mentor, demonstrating

Aneurysis, bed wetting, nightmares, not sleeping deep enough, not sleeping long enough, fears. At that point, I felt, well, we don't know anything other than the cortisol-free bedtime is elevated, right? Maybe they need it to be. Who knows? But I was concerned about the work by Sapolsky, right, and Bruce McEwen, his mentor, demonstrating

Aneurysis, bed wetting, nightmares, not sleeping deep enough, not sleeping long enough, fears. At that point, I felt, well, we don't know anything other than the cortisol-free bedtime is elevated, right? Maybe they need it to be. Who knows? But I was concerned about the work by Sapolsky, right, and Bruce McEwen, his mentor, demonstrating

the neurotoxicity that glucocorticoids can have in key areas of the brain, areas in the limbic system and the cortical system, which, interestingly enough, have a lot of glucocorticoid receptors. So then we decided to look at brain structure and brain function in youth with PTSD symptoms and see how this cortisol would relate to that or not.

the neurotoxicity that glucocorticoids can have in key areas of the brain, areas in the limbic system and the cortical system, which, interestingly enough, have a lot of glucocorticoid receptors. So then we decided to look at brain structure and brain function in youth with PTSD symptoms and see how this cortisol would relate to that or not.

the neurotoxicity that glucocorticoids can have in key areas of the brain, areas in the limbic system and the cortical system, which, interestingly enough, have a lot of glucocorticoid receptors. So then we decided to look at brain structure and brain function in youth with PTSD symptoms and see how this cortisol would relate to that or not.

And we did that through MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

And we did that through MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

And we did that through MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.