Dr. Zosia Archibald

This is a period which is extremely problematic for all the people who found themselves effectively enslaved by Persian authorities. So the reaction to that was to seek refuge. some sort of political unification. There was a willingness on the part of various political groupings to unite.

And that may have been a stronger sense of unity than there actually was in much of the Greek mainland, where many Greeks continued to fight amongst themselves. And, of course, some of them were fighting on the Persian side in the Persian Wars as Some of them were forced into that. Some of them took advantage of that.

And that may have been a stronger sense of unity than there actually was in much of the Greek mainland, where many Greeks continued to fight amongst themselves. And, of course, some of them were fighting on the Persian side in the Persian Wars as Some of them were forced into that. Some of them took advantage of that.

And that may have been a stronger sense of unity than there actually was in much of the Greek mainland, where many Greeks continued to fight amongst themselves. And, of course, some of them were fighting on the Persian side in the Persian Wars as Some of them were forced into that. Some of them took advantage of that.

So the Persian Wars were a very difficult time, and they did create particular new perspectives on international affairs. Before that time, there hadn't really been any incentive to create any sort of unitary authority. And we find after the Persian Wars, the strengthening and enlargement of Macedonia under Alexander I and Thrace a little bit later. But

So the Persian Wars were a very difficult time, and they did create particular new perspectives on international affairs. Before that time, there hadn't really been any incentive to create any sort of unitary authority. And we find after the Persian Wars, the strengthening and enlargement of Macedonia under Alexander I and Thrace a little bit later. But

So the Persian Wars were a very difficult time, and they did create particular new perspectives on international affairs. Before that time, there hadn't really been any incentive to create any sort of unitary authority. And we find after the Persian Wars, the strengthening and enlargement of Macedonia under Alexander I and Thrace a little bit later. But

In the immediate aftermath, we're not quite sure exactly how that panned out, but the same process seems to have taken place in much of the area south of the Balkan range. And this seems to have been really quite a stable authority. There are lots of historians who think of it as a rather unstable state of affairs, but there is no evidence for this instability. It's largely imaginary.

In the immediate aftermath, we're not quite sure exactly how that panned out, but the same process seems to have taken place in much of the area south of the Balkan range. And this seems to have been really quite a stable authority. There are lots of historians who think of it as a rather unstable state of affairs, but there is no evidence for this instability. It's largely imaginary.

In the immediate aftermath, we're not quite sure exactly how that panned out, but the same process seems to have taken place in much of the area south of the Balkan range. And this seems to have been really quite a stable authority. There are lots of historians who think of it as a rather unstable state of affairs, but there is no evidence for this instability. It's largely imaginary.

We don't have much evidence of this in written records, but what we do have is lots and lots of archaeology. And it's the archaeology that really gives us most of our information about what was actually going on. And this period between about 450 onwards is one of real economic boom in this region.

We don't have much evidence of this in written records, but what we do have is lots and lots of archaeology. And it's the archaeology that really gives us most of our information about what was actually going on. And this period between about 450 onwards is one of real economic boom in this region.

We don't have much evidence of this in written records, but what we do have is lots and lots of archaeology. And it's the archaeology that really gives us most of our information about what was actually going on. And this period between about 450 onwards is one of real economic boom in this region.

And that's reflected in commercial relations, which means import and export of various commodities, the import of wine and olive oil, the export of iron objects, weapons, tools, and all kinds of other products, probably textiles, the textiles that appear on Athenian vases, the sort of nice patterned cloaks.

And that's reflected in commercial relations, which means import and export of various commodities, the import of wine and olive oil, the export of iron objects, weapons, tools, and all kinds of other products, probably textiles, the textiles that appear on Athenian vases, the sort of nice patterned cloaks.

And that's reflected in commercial relations, which means import and export of various commodities, the import of wine and olive oil, the export of iron objects, weapons, tools, and all kinds of other products, probably textiles, the textiles that appear on Athenian vases, the sort of nice patterned cloaks.

These are the kinds of things that were likely exported as well as produced in large quantities for internal consumption. So it's a very lively traffic and we see this

These are the kinds of things that were likely exported as well as produced in large quantities for internal consumption. So it's a very lively traffic and we see this

These are the kinds of things that were likely exported as well as produced in large quantities for internal consumption. So it's a very lively traffic and we see this

In those places that have been excavated intensively, I've been associated with a place called Pisteros, which is bang in the middle of the Thracian plain and was a very big city that was importing and exporting various kinds of commodities.