Franz Seiser

And of course, we looked what adjacent industries are doing and you then rather quickly came to the concept of cloud and much more software.

And that required a fundamental change.

The only thing that remains like before is that the network is still providing the same set of services to the customers, but the way we build and produce is

is 90 degrees different because you go from vertical to horizontal.

So we completely dismantled silos and defined more or less three distinctive layers.

One is infrastructure, one is the application, and the third one is automation.

So how has the change impacted the way the organization works now?

So when you in the past had one dedicated team per system owning everything, now you have three categories of teams.

So you have one bigger team that deals with all the infrastructure that includes, of course, all the hardware, all the servers, all the networking, all the storage.

Then you have multiple application teams, but they only look at the application and of the behavior of the application.

And then again, you have one common theme that is dealing with all the management and automation and orchestration that sits on top.

So, I mean, IT systems, they are probably tricky because of legacy, but in theory, IT system can be moved rather quickly because IT systems are typically built like that and most of them evolved over time.

Much more tricky are the application that really deal with network traffic.

and there you have a very clear pattern the older they are from the standards perspective the more difficult they are to migrate because in the past of course things like cloud were not part of the design at all so you see typically point-to-point protocols and you don't do point-to-point in the cloud because you don't know where this instant in the cloud is sitting so you need to get to stateless protocols and allow dynamic routing and all that kind of stuff more modern architectures

We are much easier.

So 5G core, which is so-called service-based architecture, that has been standardized from the very beginning to be deployed in a cloud environment and to live with this very flexible environment.

4G is somewhere in between.

Some parts are easy, some parts a little bit more difficult.

Has everything been fully solved today?

So everything behaves totally cloud native?