Gad Barnea

But Cyrus was the one to conquer this from the Medes, the Median Empire, which was there for a short while, and then conquered Babylon. Okay. And through Babylon, of course, he conquered, he took over what was already the Neo-Babylonian Empire before him. And so that included Palestine. And yeah, he was the first to kind of consolidate the first phase of this empire.

He was succeeded by his son, Cambyses, who then added Egypt and parts of Libya to this. And then Darius the Great, Darius the First, actually made it into what it later became as this major superpower. Darius the First is truly one of the greatest leaders in antiquity. Truly an impressive, a very impressive person.

He was succeeded by his son, Cambyses, who then added Egypt and parts of Libya to this. And then Darius the Great, Darius the First, actually made it into what it later became as this major superpower. Darius the First is truly one of the greatest leaders in antiquity. Truly an impressive, a very impressive person.

He was succeeded by his son, Cambyses, who then added Egypt and parts of Libya to this. And then Darius the Great, Darius the First, actually made it into what it later became as this major superpower. Darius the First is truly one of the greatest leaders in antiquity. Truly an impressive, a very impressive person.

So I wasn't finding the actual physical. So I'm not an archaeologist. I wasn't finding the physical objects. These were already excavated at the beginning, most of them at the beginning of the 20th century. Okay. And many of them were published, but not necessarily published correctly. Uh, so several of my recent publications are correcting reading, uh, bad readings, um, or incorrect readings.

So I wasn't finding the actual physical. So I'm not an archaeologist. I wasn't finding the physical objects. These were already excavated at the beginning, most of them at the beginning of the 20th century. Okay. And many of them were published, but not necessarily published correctly. Uh, so several of my recent publications are correcting reading, uh, bad readings, um, or incorrect readings.

So I wasn't finding the actual physical. So I'm not an archaeologist. I wasn't finding the physical objects. These were already excavated at the beginning, most of them at the beginning of the 20th century. Okay. And many of them were published, but not necessarily published correctly. Uh, so several of my recent publications are correcting reading, uh, bad readings, um, or incorrect readings.

No, I mean, the reading was wrong. Simply, uh, it's not just translation, but they weren't, um, reading the text correctly. In some cases, they didn't understand the text correctly. In one case that's about to come out, I'm republishing an Ostracon, a relatively long Ostracon that was first published in 1908, but has been since, so for 116 years. It's been read the wrong way.

No, I mean, the reading was wrong. Simply, uh, it's not just translation, but they weren't, um, reading the text correctly. In some cases, they didn't understand the text correctly. In one case that's about to come out, I'm republishing an Ostracon, a relatively long Ostracon that was first published in 1908, but has been since, so for 116 years. It's been read the wrong way.

No, I mean, the reading was wrong. Simply, uh, it's not just translation, but they weren't, um, reading the text correctly. In some cases, they didn't understand the text correctly. In one case that's about to come out, I'm republishing an Ostracon, a relatively long Ostracon that was first published in 1908, but has been since, so for 116 years. It's been read the wrong way.

So inside out rather than, you know, so the direction of reading was incorrect for this long. But this, I mean, this is part of what we do. The work of an epigrapher is extremely complex. It's not just reading the text. It's not just trying to say, well, this is an aleph, this is a bet, whatever letter that is.

So inside out rather than, you know, so the direction of reading was incorrect for this long. But this, I mean, this is part of what we do. The work of an epigrapher is extremely complex. It's not just reading the text. It's not just trying to say, well, this is an aleph, this is a bet, whatever letter that is.

So inside out rather than, you know, so the direction of reading was incorrect for this long. But this, I mean, this is part of what we do. The work of an epigrapher is extremely complex. It's not just reading the text. It's not just trying to say, well, this is an aleph, this is a bet, whatever letter that is.

But the context, even the materiality of the object needs to be really deeply taken into account. And in my field, we have not been doing this. Really, up until now, the materiality was not given the proper place that it should have.

But the context, even the materiality of the object needs to be really deeply taken into account. And in my field, we have not been doing this. Really, up until now, the materiality was not given the proper place that it should have.

But the context, even the materiality of the object needs to be really deeply taken into account. And in my field, we have not been doing this. Really, up until now, the materiality was not given the proper place that it should have.

So we look at the materiality and that might impact the way we read the text because we start seeing elements on the surface of the object that we didn't see before and that might point us to a different letter than what we thought originally. So things like that. Epigraphy is very complex work and it requires encyclopedic knowledge also because some of these letters

So we look at the materiality and that might impact the way we read the text because we start seeing elements on the surface of the object that we didn't see before and that might point us to a different letter than what we thought originally. So things like that. Epigraphy is very complex work and it requires encyclopedic knowledge also because some of these letters

So we look at the materiality and that might impact the way we read the text because we start seeing elements on the surface of the object that we didn't see before and that might point us to a different letter than what we thought originally. So things like that. Epigraphy is very complex work and it requires encyclopedic knowledge also because some of these letters

some of these constructions and some of the context might come from a different culture. So, for example, there are loanwords from Persian, there are loanwords from Egyptian that you need to know. It really requires a lot of contextual knowledge.