James Stewart

They identify how fluid moves through rocks by pulsing an electromagnetic field into the earth. This creates a 3D map that shows how the hydrothermal system is connected to the volcano's magma chamber, where an eruption would come from.

They identify how fluid moves through rocks by pulsing an electromagnetic field into the earth. This creates a 3D map that shows how the hydrothermal system is connected to the volcano's magma chamber, where an eruption would come from.

They identify how fluid moves through rocks by pulsing an electromagnetic field into the earth. This creates a 3D map that shows how the hydrothermal system is connected to the volcano's magma chamber, where an eruption would come from.

This information will create datasets and geohazard maps for Greece's Civil Protection Agency, a member of the government emergency group that met daily during the earthquake crisis. The idea is this research would help inform local people how active the volcanoes are, and it will help map the area that will be forbidden to access during an eruption.

This information will create datasets and geohazard maps for Greece's Civil Protection Agency, a member of the government emergency group that met daily during the earthquake crisis. The idea is this research would help inform local people how active the volcanoes are, and it will help map the area that will be forbidden to access during an eruption.

This information will create datasets and geohazard maps for Greece's Civil Protection Agency, a member of the government emergency group that met daily during the earthquake crisis. The idea is this research would help inform local people how active the volcanoes are, and it will help map the area that will be forbidden to access during an eruption.

Which begs the question, how much notice are we likely to have if it happens on the time scale of our civilization? Will we recognize the warning signs? The worry is that scientists' lack of direct experience of these events might mean they misinterpret what data they have available.

Which begs the question, how much notice are we likely to have if it happens on the time scale of our civilization? Will we recognize the warning signs? The worry is that scientists' lack of direct experience of these events might mean they misinterpret what data they have available.

Which begs the question, how much notice are we likely to have if it happens on the time scale of our civilization? Will we recognize the warning signs? The worry is that scientists' lack of direct experience of these events might mean they misinterpret what data they have available.

Our current knowledge of volcanic explosions has been gathered largely from observing eruptions of volcanoes fed by comparatively small magma bodies, and even then an eruption cannot be predicted with certainty. The 2022 eruption of Tonga, for example, was preceded by about a month of smaller eruptions, and 15 minutes before the big one, an earthquake.

Our current knowledge of volcanic explosions has been gathered largely from observing eruptions of volcanoes fed by comparatively small magma bodies, and even then an eruption cannot be predicted with certainty. The 2022 eruption of Tonga, for example, was preceded by about a month of smaller eruptions, and 15 minutes before the big one, an earthquake.

Our current knowledge of volcanic explosions has been gathered largely from observing eruptions of volcanoes fed by comparatively small magma bodies, and even then an eruption cannot be predicted with certainty. The 2022 eruption of Tonga, for example, was preceded by about a month of smaller eruptions, and 15 minutes before the big one, an earthquake.

But those smaller eruptions were not taken as surefire indications of the imminent VEI5 event, and it was only after the eruption that researchers realised the significance of the earthquake. After all, the largest volcanoes occur almost by definition in the most volcanically active regions, where the Earth shows near constant signs of being unsettled in one way or another.

But those smaller eruptions were not taken as surefire indications of the imminent VEI5 event, and it was only after the eruption that researchers realised the significance of the earthquake. After all, the largest volcanoes occur almost by definition in the most volcanically active regions, where the Earth shows near constant signs of being unsettled in one way or another.

But those smaller eruptions were not taken as surefire indications of the imminent VEI5 event, and it was only after the eruption that researchers realised the significance of the earthquake. After all, the largest volcanoes occur almost by definition in the most volcanically active regions, where the Earth shows near constant signs of being unsettled in one way or another.

The processes occurring under large calderas could be quite different from those that go on inside the more common volcanoes, making prediction even more difficult.

The processes occurring under large calderas could be quite different from those that go on inside the more common volcanoes, making prediction even more difficult.

The processes occurring under large calderas could be quite different from those that go on inside the more common volcanoes, making prediction even more difficult.

And assuming a super volcanic eruption could be forecast with confidence a month in advance, as we might argue that the Tonga eruption could have been given our perfect hindsight, that might be long enough to evacuate people from the areas of high impact. But we've seen that such an event would likely have much wider scale, longer term consequences for the climate and agriculture.

And assuming a super volcanic eruption could be forecast with confidence a month in advance, as we might argue that the Tonga eruption could have been given our perfect hindsight, that might be long enough to evacuate people from the areas of high impact. But we've seen that such an event would likely have much wider scale, longer term consequences for the climate and agriculture.