James Stewart

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The Norse Vikings first settled in Iceland in 874 AD, and lucky for us in this instance, were impeccable record keepers.

Their annals and sagas describe fire coming out of the sea and darkness during daytime in the Reykjanes area between 1210 and 1240.

During this period, now often referred to as the Reykjanes fires, the peninsula was gripped by repeated fissure eruptions.

Widespread environmental destruction led to devastating effects on livestock and farming, pushing the medieval communities here to the very edge of survival.

Eight centuries later, what was once recorded as folklore had become a critical guide for modern science and potentially survival.

Beneath soil and lake sediment in volcanic regions are layers of volcanic ash.

When analysed, these tiny shards of essentially glass carry a chemical fingerprint with a precise mix of silica, iron, magnesium, calcium and sodium.

Now, crucially, these fingerprints vary from one volcanic system to the next.