John Hopkins

With government-controlled territories bursting with refugees, sourcing enough food becomes critical.

Franco attempts to use the suffering of his countrymen to his own advantage.

Though hunger is less of an issue in the Francoist territory, his political opponents face staggering levels of violence.

It is estimated that around 100,000 members of political parties and trade unions are murdered, many of whom are buried in mass unmarked graves.

The families they leave behind are often driven into deep poverty as a result.

Violence does occur on the Republican side, though it is to a lesser extent.

Many members of the clergy, for example, are targeted as representatives of the Catholic Church that has sided with Franco.

By the winter of 1937, the Republicans have suffered huge losses and are having to rely on ever younger and older recruits.

The two warring sides fight over the city of Turwell in Aragon, a province in northeastern Spain.

After he finally recaptures it in early 1938, Franco orders his troops to surge across the region.

It is an opportunity for his German and Italian allies to hone their blitzkrieg tactics.

Under the cover provided by an intense aerial assault, 10,000 troops cross the river Ebro.

By April, they have reached the eastern coast and slashed Republican territory in half.

Catalonia, on the northeastern tip of the country, is now cut off from the south-central zone around Madrid that the government still holds.

The situation has never looked more dire.

For several months from July 1938, the Republicans and Francoists engage in the longest and largest battle of the war.

Government forces make a desperate attempt to retake Aragon and reconnect the two halves of their territory.

Once again, Franco's German and Italian allies tip the scales decisively in his favor.

With no equivalent support, the Republican army cannot prevail.

This is driven home in September, when elsewhere in Europe the Munich Agreement is signed between France, Britain, Italy, and Germany.