Justin Drake

People don't realize this, but, you know, we have a million validators.

So that's a million signatures per epoch.

which is 32,000 signatures per slot, which is thousands of signatures per second.

It's more than Solana in terms of vote transactions.

In order to unlock a certain performance optimization, which is only available at the consensus layer, we have this notion of a stateful signature, which basically says that

The messages that you sign have a counter that increases every time you sign.

And doesn't that remind you of something?

The slot number.

So in Ethereum, at the consensus layer, you will only ever sign a single message per slot.

If you sign two messages per slot, you'll get slashed.

So you'll probably never do that.

And we use this constraint to basically have signatures that are 10 times more efficient to aggregate.

But this is the main difference, the so-called stateless hash functions at the execution layer versus the stateful signatures where you have this slot number that increments.

And the aggregation technology, we have a name for it.

It's called LeanVM, which is a minimal ZKVM for hash-based cryptography.

Basically, what LeanVM would be doing is proving that this is a correct Merkle root

And the main thing that we're not completely sure yet is whether or not this approach can unlock what I call the teragas frontier.

So we have this very ambitious one gigagas per second at the L1, 10,000 TPS, but in some sense, even more ambitious, one teragas, 10 million transactions per second.

at DL2 using the data availability.

And we're talking about one gigabyte per second of data availability.