Kristen Hayashi

But there are cases that we can point to where Japanese Americans really fought outside of their communities. So, for example, here in Los Angeles, there were five Issei doctors who felt the need to create a hospital for the community, especially because of the effects of the 1918 influenza pandemic.

But there are cases that we can point to where Japanese Americans really fought outside of their communities. So, for example, here in Los Angeles, there were five Issei doctors who felt the need to create a hospital for the community, especially because of the effects of the 1918 influenza pandemic.

The fact that Japanese immigrants and other people of color didn't have the same access to health care, they wanted to create this hospital. doctors. They filed incorporation papers to create the Japanese hospital of Los Angeles, and they were denied by the California Secretary of State, saying that they violated the alien land law.

The fact that Japanese immigrants and other people of color didn't have the same access to health care, they wanted to create this hospital. doctors. They filed incorporation papers to create the Japanese hospital of Los Angeles, and they were denied by the California Secretary of State, saying that they violated the alien land law.

The fact that Japanese immigrants and other people of color didn't have the same access to health care, they wanted to create this hospital. doctors. They filed incorporation papers to create the Japanese hospital of Los Angeles, and they were denied by the California Secretary of State, saying that they violated the alien land law.

So remember that these, you know, Issei did not have the rights and privileges of citizens, and yet they used the democratic system. They took their case to the California State Supreme Court. They won. The California Secretary of State opposed this, and the case went to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1928. And the Supreme Court upheld the lower court's ruling.

So remember that these, you know, Issei did not have the rights and privileges of citizens, and yet they used the democratic system. They took their case to the California State Supreme Court. They won. The California Secretary of State opposed this, and the case went to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1928. And the Supreme Court upheld the lower court's ruling.

So remember that these, you know, Issei did not have the rights and privileges of citizens, and yet they used the democratic system. They took their case to the California State Supreme Court. They won. The California Secretary of State opposed this, and the case went to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1928. And the Supreme Court upheld the lower court's ruling.

The doctors were victorious, and they were able to build the hospital, which opened in 1929. And I think that's a real civil rights victory that we can point to and say, that's really incredible how brave they were, considering they didn't have the rights and privileges of citizens. So there's certain, you know, there's examples like that.

The doctors were victorious, and they were able to build the hospital, which opened in 1929. And I think that's a real civil rights victory that we can point to and say, that's really incredible how brave they were, considering they didn't have the rights and privileges of citizens. So there's certain, you know, there's examples like that.

The doctors were victorious, and they were able to build the hospital, which opened in 1929. And I think that's a real civil rights victory that we can point to and say, that's really incredible how brave they were, considering they didn't have the rights and privileges of citizens. So there's certain, you know, there's examples like that.

There's also the example of, you know, purchasing land in your American-born children's name. I mean, I think that's a way of working the system to, you know, the unfair system, I think, that they were sort of operating in. And so I think it's those examples that really show resilience within the community.

There's also the example of, you know, purchasing land in your American-born children's name. I mean, I think that's a way of working the system to, you know, the unfair system, I think, that they were sort of operating in. And so I think it's those examples that really show resilience within the community.

There's also the example of, you know, purchasing land in your American-born children's name. I mean, I think that's a way of working the system to, you know, the unfair system, I think, that they were sort of operating in. And so I think it's those examples that really show resilience within the community.

Sure. And so much of this happens in the realm of labor. 1920, the Hawaii Laborers Association is founded to push back against these sort of typically Euro-American businesses who are regulating things. And this results in strikes, big organized strikes, 1900, 1906, 1909. All of these, this whole period between basically 1907 and 1923 is really when these communities are being developed.

Sure. And so much of this happens in the realm of labor. 1920, the Hawaii Laborers Association is founded to push back against these sort of typically Euro-American businesses who are regulating things. And this results in strikes, big organized strikes, 1900, 1906, 1909. All of these, this whole period between basically 1907 and 1923 is really when these communities are being developed.

Sure. And so much of this happens in the realm of labor. 1920, the Hawaii Laborers Association is founded to push back against these sort of typically Euro-American businesses who are regulating things. And this results in strikes, big organized strikes, 1900, 1906, 1909. All of these, this whole period between basically 1907 and 1923 is really when these communities are being developed.

The Nisei generation is growing up. Expectations at that point, I suppose, are for full citizenship and let's get on with this, I would imagine.

The Nisei generation is growing up. Expectations at that point, I suppose, are for full citizenship and let's get on with this, I would imagine.

The Nisei generation is growing up. Expectations at that point, I suppose, are for full citizenship and let's get on with this, I would imagine.