Laura Spinney

So we can now see where they've moved. And we can see the links literally in the form of people between archaeological cultures. So we can see where people travel to. And when people move, we know they carry their languages. So it's another piece of evidence in the puzzle, if you like. People don't always keep their languages when they move.

So we can now see where they've moved. And we can see the links literally in the form of people between archaeological cultures. So we can see where people travel to. And when people move, we know they carry their languages. So it's another piece of evidence in the puzzle, if you like. People don't always keep their languages when they move.

Sometimes they give them up and learn the language of the people who are in the place where they go to. but they definitely carry it for a while. And so we can see, we can use the genetic profile of people to track where the language is moved to and see how that corresponds with the languages spoken at that time and with the cultures that the archaeologists have defined.

Sometimes they give them up and learn the language of the people who are in the place where they go to. but they definitely carry it for a while. And so we can see, we can use the genetic profile of people to track where the language is moved to and see how that corresponds with the languages spoken at that time and with the cultures that the archaeologists have defined.

Sometimes they give them up and learn the language of the people who are in the place where they go to. but they definitely carry it for a while. And so we can see, we can use the genetic profile of people to track where the language is moved to and see how that corresponds with the languages spoken at that time and with the cultures that the archaeologists have defined.

So it's kind of like a three-piece puzzle. Each one is giving us more information about the other. Sometimes they disagree. But essentially with the three parts, we can begin, albeit patchily and with great humility, to try to patch together the picture before writing.

So it's kind of like a three-piece puzzle. Each one is giving us more information about the other. Sometimes they disagree. But essentially with the three parts, we can begin, albeit patchily and with great humility, to try to patch together the picture before writing.

So it's kind of like a three-piece puzzle. Each one is giving us more information about the other. Sometimes they disagree. But essentially with the three parts, we can begin, albeit patchily and with great humility, to try to patch together the picture before writing.

Yes. So maybe this is a good way to do it.

Yes. So maybe this is a good way to do it.

Yes. So maybe this is a good way to do it.

The speakers of Proto-Indo-European words have been constructed for their vocabulary from the descendant languages for cow, sheep, goat, horse, dog, or wheeled vehicles for at least one metal, although that's a little bit contentious. and for words related to dairying.

The speakers of Proto-Indo-European words have been constructed for their vocabulary from the descendant languages for cow, sheep, goat, horse, dog, or wheeled vehicles for at least one metal, although that's a little bit contentious. and for words related to dairying.

The speakers of Proto-Indo-European words have been constructed for their vocabulary from the descendant languages for cow, sheep, goat, horse, dog, or wheeled vehicles for at least one metal, although that's a little bit contentious. and for words related to dairying.

Now, the only people herding that selection of animals and who knew wheel transport before about 3000 BC lived on the steppe to the west of the Ural Mountains. We know that from archaeology. So that's just an example of how we cross-reference the two to try and say where those people were and when they spoke this language.

Now, the only people herding that selection of animals and who knew wheel transport before about 3000 BC lived on the steppe to the west of the Ural Mountains. We know that from archaeology. So that's just an example of how we cross-reference the two to try and say where those people were and when they spoke this language.

Now, the only people herding that selection of animals and who knew wheel transport before about 3000 BC lived on the steppe to the west of the Ural Mountains. We know that from archaeology. So that's just an example of how we cross-reference the two to try and say where those people were and when they spoke this language.

Yes. One of the longstanding puzzles in the Indo-European story was the branch of languages that we call Anatolian. So the best known and best chronicled example of this branch would be Hittite, which was spoken in the Hittite empire in what is now Turkey until about 1200 BC. It was one of the great pre-classical empires along with Egypt and Babylon and the Assyrians.

Yes. One of the longstanding puzzles in the Indo-European story was the branch of languages that we call Anatolian. So the best known and best chronicled example of this branch would be Hittite, which was spoken in the Hittite empire in what is now Turkey until about 1200 BC. It was one of the great pre-classical empires along with Egypt and Babylon and the Assyrians.

Yes. One of the longstanding puzzles in the Indo-European story was the branch of languages that we call Anatolian. So the best known and best chronicled example of this branch would be Hittite, which was spoken in the Hittite empire in what is now Turkey until about 1200 BC. It was one of the great pre-classical empires along with Egypt and Babylon and the Assyrians.