Lisa Randall

I mean, there could be other kinds of forces even within our sector that are too weak for us to have discovered so far, or that exist at different scales than we know about. I mean, we detect what interacts strongly enough with our detectors to detect. So it's worth asking. And that's one of the reasons we built big colliders to see are there

I mean, there could be other kinds of forces even within our sector that are too weak for us to have discovered so far, or that exist at different scales than we know about. I mean, we detect what interacts strongly enough with our detectors to detect. So it's worth asking. And that's one of the reasons we built big colliders to see are there

I mean, there could be other kinds of forces even within our sector that are too weak for us to have discovered so far, or that exist at different scales than we know about. I mean, we detect what interacts strongly enough with our detectors to detect. So it's worth asking. And that's one of the reasons we built big colliders to see are there

other forces, other particles that exist, say, at higher energies, at shorter distance scales than we've explored so far. So it's not just in the dark matter sector, even in our sector, there could be a whole bunch of stuff we don't yet know.

other forces, other particles that exist, say, at higher energies, at shorter distance scales than we've explored so far. So it's not just in the dark matter sector, even in our sector, there could be a whole bunch of stuff we don't yet know.

other forces, other particles that exist, say, at higher energies, at shorter distance scales than we've explored so far. So it's not just in the dark matter sector, even in our sector, there could be a whole bunch of stuff we don't yet know.

So the standard model of particle physics basically tells us about nature's most basic elements and their interactions. And so it's the substructure as far as we understand it. So if you look at atoms, we know they have nuclei and electrons. Nuclei have protons and neutrons in them. Protons and neutrons have particles called quarks that are held together by something called the strong force.

So the standard model of particle physics basically tells us about nature's most basic elements and their interactions. And so it's the substructure as far as we understand it. So if you look at atoms, we know they have nuclei and electrons. Nuclei have protons and neutrons in them. Protons and neutrons have particles called quarks that are held together by something called the strong force.

So the standard model of particle physics basically tells us about nature's most basic elements and their interactions. And so it's the substructure as far as we understand it. So if you look at atoms, we know they have nuclei and electrons. Nuclei have protons and neutrons in them. Protons and neutrons have particles called quarks that are held together by something called the strong force.

They interact. through the strong force, the strong nuclear force, something called the weak nuclear force, and electromagnetism. So basically, all those particles and their interactions describe many, many things we understand. That's the standard model. We now know about the Higgs boson, which is associated with how elementary particles get their mass.

They interact. through the strong force, the strong nuclear force, something called the weak nuclear force, and electromagnetism. So basically, all those particles and their interactions describe many, many things we understand. That's the standard model. We now know about the Higgs boson, which is associated with how elementary particles get their mass.

They interact. through the strong force, the strong nuclear force, something called the weak nuclear force, and electromagnetism. So basically, all those particles and their interactions describe many, many things we understand. That's the standard model. We now know about the Higgs boson, which is associated with how elementary particles get their mass.

So that piece of the puzzle has also been completed. We also know that there are kind of a weird array of masses of elementary particles. There's not just the up and down quark, but there are heavier versions of the up and down quark, charm and strange, top and bottom. There's not just the electron, there's a muon and a tau.

So that piece of the puzzle has also been completed. We also know that there are kind of a weird array of masses of elementary particles. There's not just the up and down quark, but there are heavier versions of the up and down quark, charm and strange, top and bottom. There's not just the electron, there's a muon and a tau.

So that piece of the puzzle has also been completed. We also know that there are kind of a weird array of masses of elementary particles. There's not just the up and down quark, but there are heavier versions of the up and down quark, charm and strange, top and bottom. There's not just the electron, there's a muon and a tau.

There are particles called neutrinos, which are under intense study now, which are partnered with the leptons through the weak interactions. So we really do know these basic elements. We know the forces. When we're doing particle physics experiments, we can usually even ignore gravity, except in exceptional cases that we can talk about. Those are the basic elements in their interactions.

There are particles called neutrinos, which are under intense study now, which are partnered with the leptons through the weak interactions. So we really do know these basic elements. We know the forces. When we're doing particle physics experiments, we can usually even ignore gravity, except in exceptional cases that we can talk about. Those are the basic elements in their interactions.

There are particles called neutrinos, which are under intense study now, which are partnered with the leptons through the weak interactions. So we really do know these basic elements. We know the forces. When we're doing particle physics experiments, we can usually even ignore gravity, except in exceptional cases that we can talk about. Those are the basic elements in their interactions.

Dark matter stands outside that. It's not interacting through those forces. When we look at the world around us, we don't usually see the effects of dark matter because there's so much of it that we do, and it doesn't have those forces that we know about. But the standard model has worked spectacularly well. It's been tested to a high degree of precision. People are still testing it.

Dark matter stands outside that. It's not interacting through those forces. When we look at the world around us, we don't usually see the effects of dark matter because there's so much of it that we do, and it doesn't have those forces that we know about. But the standard model has worked spectacularly well. It's been tested to a high degree of precision. People are still testing it.