Nell Greenfield Boyce

Nicole Hughes is a biologist at High Point University in North Carolina.

We still don't really know why some species turn red and others don't.

She says the red pigments do act as a kind of sunscreen, which may protect trees' ability to recoup that precious nitrogen.

But some researchers think the red could be a signal to insects that lay eggs in the fall.

One study found more aphids on trees with green and yellow leaves compared to trees that were red.

Nell Greenfield-Boyce, NPR News.

The three researchers who won the prize are John Clark, Michel Devereux, and John Martinez.

In the mid-1980s, they did experiments that showed how a subatomic phenomenon, quantum tunneling, can be observed on a macroscopic scale, involving many particles on a chip.

At a press briefing, Clark said he was stunned that they won.

The prize committee at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said their advances could lead to the next generation of quantum technologies, including quantum cryptography and new kinds of sensors.

Nell Greenfield-Boyce, NPR News.

The three researchers who won the prize are John Clark, Michel Devereux, and John Martinez.

In the mid-1980s, they did experiments that showed how a subatomic phenomenon, quantum tunneling, can be observed on a macroscopic scale, involving many particles on a chip.

At a press briefing, Clark said he was stunned that they won.

The prize committee at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said their advances could lead to the next generation of quantum technologies, including quantum cryptography and new kinds of sensors.

Nell Greenfield-Boyce, NPR News.

The telescope is the size of a school bus, and to get it into orbit over 300 miles up, it took a space shuttle.

The telescope is the size of a school bus, and to get it into orbit over 300 miles up, it took a space shuttle.

Soon after its launch in 1990, NASA discovered the telescope's primary mirror was flawed. This Hubble trouble resulted in much public mockery. But once astronauts installed corrective optics, Hubble's gorgeous images became part of popular culture on everything from lunchboxes to U-Haul rental trucks.

Soon after its launch in 1990, NASA discovered the telescope's primary mirror was flawed. This Hubble trouble resulted in much public mockery. But once astronauts installed corrective optics, Hubble's gorgeous images became part of popular culture on everything from lunchboxes to U-Haul rental trucks.