Paul Tough

What I was drawn to in that statement was the focus on biomarkers, on particular biological signatures that could let us identify ADHD and in the process say, this is clearly a biological condition, not just a psychological one. And it focused on three particular biomarkers. One was certain electrical signals in the brain that seemed different in kids with ADHD and without.

What I was drawn to in that statement was the focus on biomarkers, on particular biological signatures that could let us identify ADHD and in the process say, this is clearly a biological condition, not just a psychological one. And it focused on three particular biomarkers. One was certain electrical signals in the brain that seemed different in kids with ADHD and without.

The other was on genetics. There were early indications in the early 2000s that there was a specific single gene that predicted ADHD. And the third was about the kind of physical signatures you could see in the brain on MRIs, that there were differences in the volumes and sizes of particular parts of the brain in kids who had been diagnosed with ADHD.

The other was on genetics. There were early indications in the early 2000s that there was a specific single gene that predicted ADHD. And the third was about the kind of physical signatures you could see in the brain on MRIs, that there were differences in the volumes and sizes of particular parts of the brain in kids who had been diagnosed with ADHD.

The other was on genetics. There were early indications in the early 2000s that there was a specific single gene that predicted ADHD. And the third was about the kind of physical signatures you could see in the brain on MRIs, that there were differences in the volumes and sizes of particular parts of the brain in kids who had been diagnosed with ADHD.

No, that part has not really held up to further study. It's become much more complicated, this search for the biomarker. And there are many scientists now who say that the search for a biomarker was just a red herring, that that's not what any scientist should be focused on. Instead, we should be focusing on The experience of kids with ADHD.

No, that part has not really held up to further study. It's become much more complicated, this search for the biomarker. And there are many scientists now who say that the search for a biomarker was just a red herring, that that's not what any scientist should be focused on. Instead, we should be focusing on The experience of kids with ADHD.

No, that part has not really held up to further study. It's become much more complicated, this search for the biomarker. And there are many scientists now who say that the search for a biomarker was just a red herring, that that's not what any scientist should be focused on. Instead, we should be focusing on The experience of kids with ADHD.

So each of those three biomarkers that I mentioned have been undermined in one way or another. The study of these electrical signals, repeated studies to try to replicate that turned up to have no result. Genetics is more complicated. There are still indications that certain combinations of genetic qualities are predictive of ADHD.

So each of those three biomarkers that I mentioned have been undermined in one way or another. The study of these electrical signals, repeated studies to try to replicate that turned up to have no result. Genetics is more complicated. There are still indications that certain combinations of genetic qualities are predictive of ADHD.

So each of those three biomarkers that I mentioned have been undermined in one way or another. The study of these electrical signals, repeated studies to try to replicate that turned up to have no result. Genetics is more complicated. There are still indications that certain combinations of genetic qualities are predictive of ADHD.

But the very sort of simple and straightforward, you've got this gene, you've got ADHD that scientists were hoping was the case 20, 25 years ago, that has proven not to be true. And then the third is this idea that there are differences in the volume, the cortical volume, scientists say, in certain parts of the brain.

But the very sort of simple and straightforward, you've got this gene, you've got ADHD that scientists were hoping was the case 20, 25 years ago, that has proven not to be true. And then the third is this idea that there are differences in the volume, the cortical volume, scientists say, in certain parts of the brain.

But the very sort of simple and straightforward, you've got this gene, you've got ADHD that scientists were hoping was the case 20, 25 years ago, that has proven not to be true. And then the third is this idea that there are differences in the volume, the cortical volume, scientists say, in certain parts of the brain.

And that was studied in this giant global study called the Enigma study done by this consortium of neuroscientists and psychiatrists. And that similarly showed almost no difference between people with ADHD and people without. Among adults and adolescents, no difference at all. Among children, just a tiny difference in the cortical volume of certain parts of the brain.

And that was studied in this giant global study called the Enigma study done by this consortium of neuroscientists and psychiatrists. And that similarly showed almost no difference between people with ADHD and people without. Among adults and adolescents, no difference at all. Among children, just a tiny difference in the cortical volume of certain parts of the brain.

And that was studied in this giant global study called the Enigma study done by this consortium of neuroscientists and psychiatrists. And that similarly showed almost no difference between people with ADHD and people without. Among adults and adolescents, no difference at all. Among children, just a tiny difference in the cortical volume of certain parts of the brain.

But the consensus is that there are clearly both biological and environmental causes somehow combining to create these symptoms in kids. But beyond that, there's not much consensus. There's not a clear agreement on the relative role that environment plays and that biology plays.

But the consensus is that there are clearly both biological and environmental causes somehow combining to create these symptoms in kids. But beyond that, there's not much consensus. There's not a clear agreement on the relative role that environment plays and that biology plays.

But the consensus is that there are clearly both biological and environmental causes somehow combining to create these symptoms in kids. But beyond that, there's not much consensus. There's not a clear agreement on the relative role that environment plays and that biology plays.