Professor Andrew Wallace-Hadrill

which they make good money out of. We know that even Cicero made money out of flats. He said, even the rats are deserting my flats. They're in such a bad condition. So this is why the smallest places may have the least decoration. It's because the owner has decided, I'm not going to pay for decoration here.

which they make good money out of. We know that even Cicero made money out of flats. He said, even the rats are deserting my flats. They're in such a bad condition. So this is why the smallest places may have the least decoration. It's because the owner has decided, I'm not going to pay for decoration here.

I try to avoid calling them the middle class because it suddenly takes you to the Industrial Revolution and all sorts of inappropriate things. But the people in the middle, who are either the richest or the poorest, are really important. to remember that antiquity invents citizenship. A city has citizens, and the citizens aren't just the stinking rich.

I try to avoid calling them the middle class because it suddenly takes you to the Industrial Revolution and all sorts of inappropriate things. But the people in the middle, who are either the richest or the poorest, are really important. to remember that antiquity invents citizenship. A city has citizens, and the citizens aren't just the stinking rich.

I try to avoid calling them the middle class because it suddenly takes you to the Industrial Revolution and all sorts of inappropriate things. But the people in the middle, who are either the richest or the poorest, are really important. to remember that antiquity invents citizenship. A city has citizens, and the citizens aren't just the stinking rich.

Sorry, the stinking rich may be the magistrates, they may be the generals, they may be the top of the society. There's a whole society. The important thing about citizens is they're free men. And the real poor are the slaves. They're the ones who suffer. And so quite a relatively poor citizen. Yeah, but he's free. He has some pride. So I think you've got a whole range of citizens.

Sorry, the stinking rich may be the magistrates, they may be the generals, they may be the top of the society. There's a whole society. The important thing about citizens is they're free men. And the real poor are the slaves. They're the ones who suffer. And so quite a relatively poor citizen. Yeah, but he's free. He has some pride. So I think you've got a whole range of citizens.

Sorry, the stinking rich may be the magistrates, they may be the generals, they may be the top of the society. There's a whole society. The important thing about citizens is they're free men. And the real poor are the slaves. They're the ones who suffer. And so quite a relatively poor citizen. Yeah, but he's free. He has some pride. So I think you've got a whole range of citizens.

And these citizens, and one of the most fascinating things is that the slave could become a citizen. He could be given his freedom and citizenship. And they're very anxious to show that they belong to this society of citizens. They matter. What I'm seeing is not just a society of an elite. There is an elite, of course. The wealth of the richest is unbelievable. But the prosperity...

And these citizens, and one of the most fascinating things is that the slave could become a citizen. He could be given his freedom and citizenship. And they're very anxious to show that they belong to this society of citizens. They matter. What I'm seeing is not just a society of an elite. There is an elite, of course. The wealth of the richest is unbelievable. But the prosperity...

And these citizens, and one of the most fascinating things is that the slave could become a citizen. He could be given his freedom and citizenship. And they're very anxious to show that they belong to this society of citizens. They matter. What I'm seeing is not just a society of an elite. There is an elite, of course. The wealth of the richest is unbelievable. But the prosperity...

The generalized prosperity of a whole broad stratum underneath them. That's what makes Pompeii and Herculaneum so amazing.

The generalized prosperity of a whole broad stratum underneath them. That's what makes Pompeii and Herculaneum so amazing.

The generalized prosperity of a whole broad stratum underneath them. That's what makes Pompeii and Herculaneum so amazing.

They really do, yes. There's a terrible passage of Cicero in which he's talking about how to be a perfect gentleman. And he says, there are some trades that are really illiberal. They don't talk about gentlemen. They talk about free men, the things that are suitable for a freeborn person. And he says, effectively, butchers and bakers and candlestick makers, the people who run pubs,

They really do, yes. There's a terrible passage of Cicero in which he's talking about how to be a perfect gentleman. And he says, there are some trades that are really illiberal. They don't talk about gentlemen. They talk about free men, the things that are suitable for a freeborn person. And he says, effectively, butchers and bakers and candlestick makers, the people who run pubs,

They really do, yes. There's a terrible passage of Cicero in which he's talking about how to be a perfect gentleman. And he says, there are some trades that are really illiberal. They don't talk about gentlemen. They talk about free men, the things that are suitable for a freeborn person. And he says, effectively, butchers and bakers and candlestick makers, the people who run pubs,

even builders and fullers the people who clean clothes and just these are illiberal trades okay so the roman elite may have looked down on them but they didn't look down on themselves they were very anxious to prove to the roman elite no we can't too

even builders and fullers the people who clean clothes and just these are illiberal trades okay so the roman elite may have looked down on them but they didn't look down on themselves they were very anxious to prove to the roman elite no we can't too

even builders and fullers the people who clean clothes and just these are illiberal trades okay so the roman elite may have looked down on them but they didn't look down on themselves they were very anxious to prove to the roman elite no we can't too