Professor Danielle Schreve

Really, you're looking at rapid warming conditions in Northwest Europe. So the ice sheets begin to retreat. And really by, you know, sort of about 16,000 years ago, they are much, you know, they're much reduced up to the northern part of Britain.

We do because we can measure these things, for example, by going to the ice sheets in Greenland. Oh, wow. Yes. So you can extract ice cores from Greenland and they have annual records in them where they've got things like greenhouse gases trapped. So we're able to measure this and document this really, really accurately. closely. We can date those bands in the ice.

We do because we can measure these things, for example, by going to the ice sheets in Greenland. Oh, wow. Yes. So you can extract ice cores from Greenland and they have annual records in them where they've got things like greenhouse gases trapped. So we're able to measure this and document this really, really accurately. closely. We can date those bands in the ice.

We do because we can measure these things, for example, by going to the ice sheets in Greenland. Oh, wow. Yes. So you can extract ice cores from Greenland and they have annual records in them where they've got things like greenhouse gases trapped. So we're able to measure this and document this really, really accurately. closely. We can date those bands in the ice.

And so we do have a very good idea about just how quickly some of these transitions took place.

And so we do have a very good idea about just how quickly some of these transitions took place.

And so we do have a very good idea about just how quickly some of these transitions took place.

It's a great sort of archive, if you like. It's a great benchmark for understanding how climate change in this part of the Northern Hemisphere happened. And because Britain is, you know, really quite close in that part of the North Atlantic, we can actually see the major transitions as we come out of the last glacial maximum.

It's a great sort of archive, if you like. It's a great benchmark for understanding how climate change in this part of the Northern Hemisphere happened. And because Britain is, you know, really quite close in that part of the North Atlantic, we can actually see the major transitions as we come out of the last glacial maximum.

It's a great sort of archive, if you like. It's a great benchmark for understanding how climate change in this part of the Northern Hemisphere happened. And because Britain is, you know, really quite close in that part of the North Atlantic, we can actually see the major transitions as we come out of the last glacial maximum.

the rapid warming into the late glacial interstitial, and then some of the subsequent oscillations, the climatic fluctuations that we see, we can actually see that evidenced on land in Britain.

the rapid warming into the late glacial interstitial, and then some of the subsequent oscillations, the climatic fluctuations that we see, we can actually see that evidenced on land in Britain.

the rapid warming into the late glacial interstitial, and then some of the subsequent oscillations, the climatic fluctuations that we see, we can actually see that evidenced on land in Britain.

So at that time, you would see a retreat of some of the species that had been adapted to very cold conditions. So things like mammoths begin to contract their range back to Siberia. During the late glacial interstitial in Britain, you do get other species that are cold adapted that still hang on. So things like reindeer are still regularly present.

So at that time, you would see a retreat of some of the species that had been adapted to very cold conditions. So things like mammoths begin to contract their range back to Siberia. During the late glacial interstitial in Britain, you do get other species that are cold adapted that still hang on. So things like reindeer are still regularly present.

So at that time, you would see a retreat of some of the species that had been adapted to very cold conditions. So things like mammoths begin to contract their range back to Siberia. During the late glacial interstitial in Britain, you do get other species that are cold adapted that still hang on. So things like reindeer are still regularly present.

But because of the warming event that we see, we get other types of herbivores in particular coming in. At first, things like horse and then subsequently red deer. We get a real mix of species at that time though. For example, in the cave sites that we're working in in Somerset, we get both species that are today indicative of cold climate conditions. For example, things like collared lemmings.

But because of the warming event that we see, we get other types of herbivores in particular coming in. At first, things like horse and then subsequently red deer. We get a real mix of species at that time though. For example, in the cave sites that we're working in in Somerset, we get both species that are today indicative of cold climate conditions. For example, things like collared lemmings.

But because of the warming event that we see, we get other types of herbivores in particular coming in. At first, things like horse and then subsequently red deer. We get a real mix of species at that time though. For example, in the cave sites that we're working in in Somerset, we get both species that are today indicative of cold climate conditions. For example, things like collared lemmings.

Those are mixed in with other small mammal species that require more temperate but also some kind of vegetation cover as well. These might be things like wood mice, for example, or common shrews.