Professor Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones

You've got a very sort of thin organ like that hanging loose out of the back end of your body in a very cold environment where it would have been way below freezing in the winter, you know, different from anything that a living elephant in its natural habitat would encounter. then, you know, you've got to protect it from frostbite.

You've got a very sort of thin organ like that hanging loose out of the back end of your body in a very cold environment where it would have been way below freezing in the winter, you know, different from anything that a living elephant in its natural habitat would encounter. then, you know, you've got to protect it from frostbite.

And I'm going to switch to the other far end of the animal, actually, and destroy your idea of going from back to front. Because I think the ear of the mammoth actually tells the same story. Because obviously, as we all learn as children, elephants have great big ears that they flap.

And I'm going to switch to the other far end of the animal, actually, and destroy your idea of going from back to front. Because I think the ear of the mammoth actually tells the same story. Because obviously, as we all learn as children, elephants have great big ears that they flap.

And I'm going to switch to the other far end of the animal, actually, and destroy your idea of going from back to front. Because I think the ear of the mammoth actually tells the same story. Because obviously, as we all learn as children, elephants have great big ears that they flap.

and they flap them to lose heat because elephants living in India or Africa are living in a very hot environment and their ears are full of blood vessels and they flap these very big ears to actually lose heat because they don't want to overheat. Now the mammoth living in an arctic climate had the exact opposite problem. It wanted to conserve heat And so the mammoth ear is much smaller.

and they flap them to lose heat because elephants living in India or Africa are living in a very hot environment and their ears are full of blood vessels and they flap these very big ears to actually lose heat because they don't want to overheat. Now the mammoth living in an arctic climate had the exact opposite problem. It wanted to conserve heat And so the mammoth ear is much smaller.

and they flap them to lose heat because elephants living in India or Africa are living in a very hot environment and their ears are full of blood vessels and they flap these very big ears to actually lose heat because they don't want to overheat. Now the mammoth living in an arctic climate had the exact opposite problem. It wanted to conserve heat And so the mammoth ear is much smaller.

They're about 10% of the area of that of a living elephant. We know this from the frozen carcasses, by the way. One should interject, you know, that for most fossil species, all we have is bones and teeth, because that's normally all that survives, right? But the mammoth is very special in this regard. Because we have these complete carcasses that have been found under the ground in Siberia.

They're about 10% of the area of that of a living elephant. We know this from the frozen carcasses, by the way. One should interject, you know, that for most fossil species, all we have is bones and teeth, because that's normally all that survives, right? But the mammoth is very special in this regard. Because we have these complete carcasses that have been found under the ground in Siberia.

They're about 10% of the area of that of a living elephant. We know this from the frozen carcasses, by the way. One should interject, you know, that for most fossil species, all we have is bones and teeth, because that's normally all that survives, right? But the mammoth is very special in this regard. Because we have these complete carcasses that have been found under the ground in Siberia.

They've basically been in a deep freeze in the permafrost since the Ice Age. That's how we know about things like the tail length, the ear, other soft tissue features that we otherwise wouldn't know about because they didn't have bones in them. I think the ear and the tail are part of the same story of reducing the area of small, thin organs outside the body.

They've basically been in a deep freeze in the permafrost since the Ice Age. That's how we know about things like the tail length, the ear, other soft tissue features that we otherwise wouldn't know about because they didn't have bones in them. I think the ear and the tail are part of the same story of reducing the area of small, thin organs outside the body.

They've basically been in a deep freeze in the permafrost since the Ice Age. That's how we know about things like the tail length, the ear, other soft tissue features that we otherwise wouldn't know about because they didn't have bones in them. I think the ear and the tail are part of the same story of reducing the area of small, thin organs outside the body.

In a cold environment, you don't want to lose heat through them, and you don't want them to get frostbite. So that's that.

In a cold environment, you don't want to lose heat through them, and you don't want them to get frostbite. So that's that.

In a cold environment, you don't want to lose heat through them, and you don't want them to get frostbite. So that's that.

Well, it's basically like a living elephant in that you've got two great big tusks sticking out of the front end. And the tusks are essentially modified incisor teeth. That's what elephant tusks are. That's what mammoth tusks were. They're equivalent to our side incisors. So not the center two teeth at the front, but the ones right next to them. Obviously, massively overgrown.

Well, it's basically like a living elephant in that you've got two great big tusks sticking out of the front end. And the tusks are essentially modified incisor teeth. That's what elephant tusks are. That's what mammoth tusks were. They're equivalent to our side incisors. So not the center two teeth at the front, but the ones right next to them. Obviously, massively overgrown.

Well, it's basically like a living elephant in that you've got two great big tusks sticking out of the front end. And the tusks are essentially modified incisor teeth. That's what elephant tusks are. That's what mammoth tusks were. They're equivalent to our side incisors. So not the center two teeth at the front, but the ones right next to them. Obviously, massively overgrown.