Professor Peter Heather

What will eventually happen, of course, in bloody campaigns that last over 30 years is that Charlemagne will subdue the continental Saxons and make them part of the Frankish empire.

What will eventually happen, of course, in bloody campaigns that last over 30 years is that Charlemagne will subdue the continental Saxons and make them part of the Frankish empire.

What will eventually happen, of course, in bloody campaigns that last over 30 years is that Charlemagne will subdue the continental Saxons and make them part of the Frankish empire.

It's my pleasure. And you should revisit it when there's been a lot more DNA work.

It's my pleasure. And you should revisit it when there's been a lot more DNA work.

It's my pleasure. And you should revisit it when there's been a lot more DNA work.

Yeah, that's right. We're both shut down at home doing this.

Yeah, that's right. We're both shut down at home doing this.

Yeah, that's right. We're both shut down at home doing this.

You've got to imagine an extremely prosperous Roman Empire. That's, I think, the single most important point that people need to understand because it's the revolution in our understanding of the empire that has emerged over the last sort of 40 years. If you talk to any of my

You've got to imagine an extremely prosperous Roman Empire. That's, I think, the single most important point that people need to understand because it's the revolution in our understanding of the empire that has emerged over the last sort of 40 years. If you talk to any of my

You've got to imagine an extremely prosperous Roman Empire. That's, I think, the single most important point that people need to understand because it's the revolution in our understanding of the empire that has emerged over the last sort of 40 years. If you talk to any of my

Older colleagues now happily in their graves, but this would be the single most extraordinary thing that they wouldn't expect. Because of the archaeological evidence, we now know that the rural economy of the Roman Empire and its general population levels are at a maximum in the 4th century compared to any other point in the empire.

Older colleagues now happily in their graves, but this would be the single most extraordinary thing that they wouldn't expect. Because of the archaeological evidence, we now know that the rural economy of the Roman Empire and its general population levels are at a maximum in the 4th century compared to any other point in the empire.

Older colleagues now happily in their graves, but this would be the single most extraordinary thing that they wouldn't expect. Because of the archaeological evidence, we now know that the rural economy of the Roman Empire and its general population levels are at a maximum in the 4th century compared to any other point in the empire.

So that's, I think, it's not teetering on the point of collapse, in other words.

So that's, I think, it's not teetering on the point of collapse, in other words.

So that's, I think, it's not teetering on the point of collapse, in other words.

Historians are sometimes very weird. They think that if you detect any problem in any society, it's about to collapse. Well, you know, look around you. Human life is not perfect. There are some serious issues. For various reasons, they've had to divide political authority between two centers, one in the West and one in the East. And there is...

Historians are sometimes very weird. They think that if you detect any problem in any society, it's about to collapse. Well, you know, look around you. Human life is not perfect. There are some serious issues. For various reasons, they've had to divide political authority between two centers, one in the West and one in the East. And there is...