Professor Peter Heather

So I think it's a slightly controlled process and not a total devastation of the city. We have plenty of archaeological and literary sources which suggest that the city is not a burnt and devastated landscape.

So I think it's a slightly controlled process and not a total devastation of the city. We have plenty of archaeological and literary sources which suggest that the city is not a burnt and devastated landscape.

The Vandals, well, there are two separate groups of Vandals that we know about, Hasding Vandals and Siling Vandals. And when they cross the Rhine at the end of 406, they are separate units with their own kings, our best. Suggestion is that they are from Central Europe, close to what's now Hungary, Slovakia. And they'd been there or thereabouts from the 3rd century onwards.

The Vandals, well, there are two separate groups of Vandals that we know about, Hasding Vandals and Siling Vandals. And when they cross the Rhine at the end of 406, they are separate units with their own kings, our best. Suggestion is that they are from Central Europe, close to what's now Hungary, Slovakia. And they'd been there or thereabouts from the 3rd century onwards.

The Vandals, well, there are two separate groups of Vandals that we know about, Hasding Vandals and Siling Vandals. And when they cross the Rhine at the end of 406, they are separate units with their own kings, our best. Suggestion is that they are from Central Europe, close to what's now Hungary, Slovakia. And they'd been there or thereabouts from the 3rd century onwards.

They are agricultural farmers. And they are not immediately close to the frontier in the 4th century. So we don't have direct information. Roman relations between Vandal kings and Roman emperors recorded in our 4th century sources.

They are agricultural farmers. And they are not immediately close to the frontier in the 4th century. So we don't have direct information. Roman relations between Vandal kings and Roman emperors recorded in our 4th century sources.

They are agricultural farmers. And they are not immediately close to the frontier in the 4th century. So we don't have direct information. Roman relations between Vandal kings and Roman emperors recorded in our 4th century sources.

Well, their journey is only part of it, actually. There's a bigger journey that's involved, and that is when they cross the Rhine in 406, they are in alliance with loads of others, some small groups. But the biggest partners with these two separate Vandal groups are are Alans. And the sources are quite unanimous that the Alans are in the majority at that point.

Well, their journey is only part of it, actually. There's a bigger journey that's involved, and that is when they cross the Rhine in 406, they are in alliance with loads of others, some small groups. But the biggest partners with these two separate Vandal groups are are Alans. And the sources are quite unanimous that the Alans are in the majority at that point.

Well, their journey is only part of it, actually. There's a bigger journey that's involved, and that is when they cross the Rhine in 406, they are in alliance with loads of others, some small groups. But the biggest partners with these two separate Vandal groups are are Alans. And the sources are quite unanimous that the Alans are in the majority at that point.

And in fact, when they share out Spain in 411-12, the Alans get more of Spain than the two Vandal groups. So the Alans are definitely the bigger party to this alliance. And they've come even further. Are they Iranian? Yes, they're north of the Black Sea.

And in fact, when they share out Spain in 411-12, the Alans get more of Spain than the two Vandal groups. So the Alans are definitely the bigger party to this alliance. And they've come even further. Are they Iranian? Yes, they're north of the Black Sea.

And in fact, when they share out Spain in 411-12, the Alans get more of Spain than the two Vandal groups. So the Alans are definitely the bigger party to this alliance. And they've come even further. Are they Iranian? Yes, they're north of the Black Sea.

So we've got to get the Alans over the Carpathians or round the Carpathians into Central Europe to make the alliance with the Vandals and then shunt everybody further west. So the islands, I think, are collateral damage from the arrival of the Huns. So this is the great domino effect.

So we've got to get the Alans over the Carpathians or round the Carpathians into Central Europe to make the alliance with the Vandals and then shunt everybody further west. So the islands, I think, are collateral damage from the arrival of the Huns. So this is the great domino effect.

So we've got to get the Alans over the Carpathians or round the Carpathians into Central Europe to make the alliance with the Vandals and then shunt everybody further west. So the islands, I think, are collateral damage from the arrival of the Huns. So this is the great domino effect.

There are lots of my colleagues who don't like domino effects, but how the hell you get tens of thousands of islands in Hungary when they used to be in Ukraine without a domino effect, I do not know. I think essentially what happens is that the Huns destabilize things

There are lots of my colleagues who don't like domino effects, but how the hell you get tens of thousands of islands in Hungary when they used to be in Ukraine without a domino effect, I do not know. I think essentially what happens is that the Huns destabilize things

There are lots of my colleagues who don't like domino effects, but how the hell you get tens of thousands of islands in Hungary when they used to be in Ukraine without a domino effect, I do not know. I think essentially what happens is that the Huns destabilize things