Rachel Carlson

Exactly.

Once they actually have the frog or toad in mouth, if they've made a mistake, they will spit out that frog and toad. They will spend quite a long time grooming and cleaning and trying to get all those noxious toxins off of them, and they'll be fine. And actually, interestingly, the frog is also fine. So it's a strategy that really does work for both.

Once they actually have the frog or toad in mouth, if they've made a mistake, they will spit out that frog and toad. They will spend quite a long time grooming and cleaning and trying to get all those noxious toxins off of them, and they'll be fine. And actually, interestingly, the frog is also fine. So it's a strategy that really does work for both.

Once they actually have the frog or toad in mouth, if they've made a mistake, they will spit out that frog and toad. They will spend quite a long time grooming and cleaning and trying to get all those noxious toxins off of them, and they'll be fine. And actually, interestingly, the frog is also fine. So it's a strategy that really does work for both.

And we think that that might be why they're so cognitively flexible, is that if they do make a mistake at the eavesdropping level, at the...

And we think that that might be why they're so cognitively flexible, is that if they do make a mistake at the eavesdropping level, at the...

And we think that that might be why they're so cognitively flexible, is that if they do make a mistake at the eavesdropping level, at the...

echolocation level at all these sequential levels of assessment as they approach the prey they have a number of possibilities for correcting that mistake and if it did eat that frog it would get very sick and it could die like these some of these frogs actually are so toxic that much larger mammals like a dog or a cat, like they would die eating that.

echolocation level at all these sequential levels of assessment as they approach the prey they have a number of possibilities for correcting that mistake and if it did eat that frog it would get very sick and it could die like these some of these frogs actually are so toxic that much larger mammals like a dog or a cat, like they would die eating that.

echolocation level at all these sequential levels of assessment as they approach the prey they have a number of possibilities for correcting that mistake and if it did eat that frog it would get very sick and it could die like these some of these frogs actually are so toxic that much larger mammals like a dog or a cat, like they would die eating that.

So it looks very, very much like the juveniles are acquiring these responses over time, that this is something that they have to acquire with experience and likely with learning as they grow up. So much like a human child, you don't, you're not born knowing that there are dangers, perhaps, in encountering strangers. You have to be taught by those adults around you that there is stranger danger.

So it looks very, very much like the juveniles are acquiring these responses over time, that this is something that they have to acquire with experience and likely with learning as they grow up. So much like a human child, you don't, you're not born knowing that there are dangers, perhaps, in encountering strangers. You have to be taught by those adults around you that there is stranger danger.

So it looks very, very much like the juveniles are acquiring these responses over time, that this is something that they have to acquire with experience and likely with learning as they grow up. So much like a human child, you don't, you're not born knowing that there are dangers, perhaps, in encountering strangers. You have to be taught by those adults around you that there is stranger danger.

You have to be careful. And it looks like that might be what's going on with these frog-eating bats.

You have to be careful. And it looks like that might be what's going on with these frog-eating bats.

You have to be careful. And it looks like that might be what's going on with these frog-eating bats.

Absolutely. It is a little bit like caller ID. So you want to be able to know before you take that action that this was one Oof, that was one to avoid. Do not approach it.

Absolutely. It is a little bit like caller ID. So you want to be able to know before you take that action that this was one Oof, that was one to avoid. Do not approach it.

Absolutely. It is a little bit like caller ID. So you want to be able to know before you take that action that this was one Oof, that was one to avoid. Do not approach it.

Yes. You're probably less likely to do that the next time, right? Like it's – it definitely is a learned behavior that over time – You think –