Ramteen Arablui

Wong Kim Ark was technically free, but his victory was short-lived.

Wong Kim Ark was technically free, but his victory was short-lived.

the government appealed the case up to the Supreme Court. They did this because they wanted to enforce and expand the Chinese Exclusion Act. Even the president at the time, Grover Cleveland, was in full support of excluding Chinese immigrants.

the government appealed the case up to the Supreme Court. They did this because they wanted to enforce and expand the Chinese Exclusion Act. Even the president at the time, Grover Cleveland, was in full support of excluding Chinese immigrants.

the government appealed the case up to the Supreme Court. They did this because they wanted to enforce and expand the Chinese Exclusion Act. Even the president at the time, Grover Cleveland, was in full support of excluding Chinese immigrants.

So the government did it. It appealed the case all the way up to the US Supreme Court. And the Solicitor General, the lawyer who represents the government in front of the Supreme Court, was right out of central casting. A man named Holmes Conrad.

So the government did it. It appealed the case all the way up to the US Supreme Court. And the Solicitor General, the lawyer who represents the government in front of the Supreme Court, was right out of central casting. A man named Holmes Conrad.

So the government did it. It appealed the case all the way up to the US Supreme Court. And the Solicitor General, the lawyer who represents the government in front of the Supreme Court, was right out of central casting. A man named Holmes Conrad.

Holmes Conrad came from a prominent slave-owning family. He had spent the Civil War as an officer, fighting for the Confederacy. And here's some nice irony for you. Because he fought for secession during the Civil War, Conrad actually had his citizenship revoked.

Holmes Conrad came from a prominent slave-owning family. He had spent the Civil War as an officer, fighting for the Confederacy. And here's some nice irony for you. Because he fought for secession during the Civil War, Conrad actually had his citizenship revoked.

Holmes Conrad came from a prominent slave-owning family. He had spent the Civil War as an officer, fighting for the Confederacy. And here's some nice irony for you. Because he fought for secession during the Civil War, Conrad actually had his citizenship revoked.

Meanwhile, Wong Kim Ark, after being detained those horrible four months on ships, was back to his hardscrabble life in San Francisco. He was earning money and sending it to his wife and kids in China. And all the while, the government was trying to beat him in court, questioning his citizenship.

Meanwhile, Wong Kim Ark, after being detained those horrible four months on ships, was back to his hardscrabble life in San Francisco. He was earning money and sending it to his wife and kids in China. And all the while, the government was trying to beat him in court, questioning his citizenship.

Meanwhile, Wong Kim Ark, after being detained those horrible four months on ships, was back to his hardscrabble life in San Francisco. He was earning money and sending it to his wife and kids in China. And all the while, the government was trying to beat him in court, questioning his citizenship.

Yet behind the scenes, he's got an all-star, high-powered legal team on his side, paid for by the Chinese six companies.

Yet behind the scenes, he's got an all-star, high-powered legal team on his side, paid for by the Chinese six companies.

Yet behind the scenes, he's got an all-star, high-powered legal team on his side, paid for by the Chinese six companies.

This is political scientist Carol Nakanoff, who co-authored the book American by Birth, Wong Kim Ark and the Battle for Citizenship.

This is political scientist Carol Nakanoff, who co-authored the book American by Birth, Wong Kim Ark and the Battle for Citizenship.

This is political scientist Carol Nakanoff, who co-authored the book American by Birth, Wong Kim Ark and the Battle for Citizenship.